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i n t e r nat i o na l l aw
their institutional framework as possessing a high degree of legitimacy.
Legitimacy itself is defined as ‘a property of a rule or rule-making insti-
tution which itself exerts a pull towards compliance on those addressed
normatively because those addressed believe that the rule or institution
has come into being and operates in accordance with generally accepted
principles of right process’.
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Legitimacy may be empirically demonstrated
but compliance may be measured not only by observing states acting in
accordance with the principle in question, but also by observing the de-
gree to which a violator actually exhibits deference to that principle even
while violating it.
Legitimacy will depend upon four specific properties, it is suggested: de-
terminacy (or readily ascertainable normative content or ‘transparency’);
symbolic validation (or authority approval); coherence (or consistency or
general application) and adherence (or falling within an organised hier-
archy of rules). In other words, it is proposed that there exist objectively
verifiable criteria which help us to ascertain why international rules are
obeyed and thus why the system works. This approach is supplemented
by the view that legitimacy and justice as morality are two aspects of the
concept of fairness, which is seen by Franck as the most important ques-
tion for international law.
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Franck, however, has also drawn attention
to the ‘emerging right to individuality’
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within the context of a ‘global
identity crisis’
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in which the growth of supranational institutions and the
collapse of a range of states combine to undermine traditional certainties
of world order. He notes that persons are increasingly likely to identify
themselves as autonomous individuals and that this is both reflected and
manifested in the rise and expansion of international human rights law
and in the construction of multi-layered and freely selected affinities.
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While such personal rights are increasingly protected in both national
and international law, the question as to the appropriate balancing of
individual, group and state rights is posed in more urgent form.
However, legitimacy may also be understood in a broader way in refer-
ring to the relationship with the international political system as a whole
and as forming the link between power and the legal system. It imbues the
normative order with authority and acceptability, although not as such
legality. Legitimacy links law and politics in its widest sense and will de-
pend upon the context out of which it emerges. One writer has concluded
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Franck,
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