i n t e r nat i o na l l aw t o day
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the various international orders that have existed throughout history in
an attempt to show how the dynamics of each particular system have cre-
ated their own rules and how they can be used as an explanation of both
political activity and the nature of international law. In other words, the
nature of the international system can be examined by the use of partic-
ular variables in order to explain and to predict the role of international
law.
For example, the period between 1848 and 1914 can be treated as the era
of the ‘balance of power’ system. This system depended upon a number of
factors, such as a minimum number of participants (accepted as five), who
would engage in a series of temporary alliances in an attempt to bolster
the weak and restrict the strong, for example the coalitions Britain entered
into to overawe France. It was basic to this system that no nation wished
totally to destroy any other state, but merely to humble and weaken, and
this contributed to the stability of the order.
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This system nurtured its own concepts of international law, especially
that of sovereignty which was basic to the idea of free-floating alliances
and the ability of states to leave the side of the strong to strengthen the
weak. The balance of power collapsed with the First World War and, after
a period of confusion, a discernible, loose ‘bipolar’ system emerged in the
years following the Second World War.
This was predicated upon the polarisation of capitalism and commu-
nism and the consequent rigid alliances that were created. It included the
existence of a Third World of basically non-aligned states, the objects of
rivalry and of competition while not in themselves powerful enough to
upset the bipolar system. This kind of order facilitated ‘frontier’ conflicts
where the two powers collided, such as in Korea, Berlin and Vietnam,
as well as modified the nature of sovereignty within the two alliances
thus allowing such organisations as NATO and the European Commu-
nity (subsequently European Union) on the one hand, and the Warsaw
Pact and COMECON on the other, to develop. The other side of this
coin has been the freedom felt by the superpowers to control wavering
states within their respective spheres of influence, for example, the Soviet
actions in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia and those of the USA,
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