i n t e r nat i o na l l aw a n d m u n i c i pa l l aw
175
Section 231(3) provides that ‘such international agreement shall be bind-
ing on the Republic and shall form part of the law of the Republic, provided
Parliament expressly so provides and such agreement is not inconsistent
with this constitution’. Thus South Africa has moved from the British
system to a position akin to the civil law tradition. It should also be noted
that this interim constitution expressly provides that the National De-
fence Force shall ‘not breach international customary law binding on the
Republic relating to aggression’, while in armed conflict, it would ‘com-
ply with its obligations under international customary law and treaties
binding on the Republic’ (section 227(2)).
239
These provisions were considered and refined by the Constitutional
Assembly, which on 8 May 1996 adopted a new constitution.
240
Section
231(1) of this constitution provides that the negotiating and signing of all
international agreements is the responsibility of the national executive,
while such an agreement would only bind the Republic after approval by
resolution in both the National Assembly and the National Council of
Provinces.
241
Any international agreement becomes domestic law when
enacted into law by national legislation, although a self-executing pro-
vision of an agreement that has been approved by Parliament is law in
the Republic unless it is inconsistent with the Constitution or an Act of
Parliament.
242
Section 232 provides that customary international law is
law in the Republic unless it is inconsistent with the Constitution or an
Act of Parliament, while section 233 stipulates that when interpreting
any legislation, every court must prefer any reasonable interpretation of
the legislation which is consistent with international law over any alterna-
tive interpretation that is inconsistent with international law. It is also to
be particularly noted that section 200(2) of the Constitution states that the
primary object of the defence force is to defend and protect the Republic,
239
Note that article 144 of the Namibian Constitution provides that ‘unless otherwise pro-
vided by this Constitution or Act of Parliament, the general rules of public international
law and international agreements binding upon Namibia under this Constitution shall
form part of the law of Namibia’: see B. Erasmus, ‘The Namibian Constitution and the
Application of International Law’, 15
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