International Criminal Law

Jus cogens
norms
170–72
objections to 3
terrorism 18
torture 117
Korean War
134
Kosovo
UN Interim Administration
Mission in Kosovo 404–05
Kuwait
Iraqi annexation of 11–12
Law of the
Sea Convention
See
UNCLOS
Legal assistance
See
Mutual legal assistance
Letters rogatory
231
Libya
terrorism 12
Lockerbie
27
–
28
extradition 27
State criminality 12, 27–28, 39
The Netherlands,
court in 27–28
trial 408–10
London Agreement for
the Prosecution and
Punishment of the
Major War Criminals
of the European Axis
4
Male captus, bene
detentus
rule
218–19
Maritime crime
See
Piracy; Sea, law of the; UNCLOS
Mens rea
piracy 1
terrorism 17
Mental incapacity
defences in international
criminal law 141–42
Mistake of fact or law
defences in international
criminal law 141
Money laundering
35,
60–72
banking supervisory
authorities 62
Basle Committee 61, 62
co-operation 66–67
common factors 60
compensation orders 66
concealment or
disguise of source 60
Convention on
Laundering, Search,
Seizure and Confiscation
of the Proceeds
from Crime 67–68
conversion or transfer
of property 60
Council of Europe 61, 67–69
definition 66
EC Money Laundering
Regulations 72
European Union,
Directives 61, 68–69
initiatives 68–69
extradition 67
Financial Action Task
Force on Money
Laundering 62, 63,
64, 65–66
globalisation 61
information exchange 66
integration phase 60
investigations 66
Know Your
Customer
standards 62
layering phase 60
meaning 60
Model Legislation on
Laundering, Confiscation
and International Co-operation
in Relation to the Proceeds
of Crime 66

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Index
425
mutual legal assistance 67
mutual technical
assistance 67
national laws,
United Kingdom 69–71
placement phase 60, 61
regaining access
to money 60
Select Committee of
Experts on the Evaluation
of Anti-Money Laundering
Measures 68
self-regulation 61–64
serious crime,
proceeds from 65
surveillance 66
three stage process 60
transnational
organised crime 50, 51,
52, 65
treaties and
conventions 61
UN Office for Drug
Control and Crime
Prevention 61
United Kingdom 69–71
United Nations
initiatives 64–67
Vienna Convention 61, 63–64
Mutiny
98–99
Mutual legal
assistance
231–63
bilateral treaties 231
criticisms 232
development 231
effectiveness 231
European Convention
on Mutual Assistance 232
European Convention
on Mutual Assistance
in Criminal Matters 234–35,
237–40, 284
European Court of
Human Rights 254
European Union,
European Convention
on Mutual Assistance
in Criminal
Matters 234–35,
237–40, 284
initiatives 235–42
Schengen Implementing
Convention 236–37
Third Pillar 235–36
Treaty on European
Union 236
execution of requests 231
failure to use
provisions 256–60
forms of assistance 231
Home Office Mutual
Legal Assistance
Section 231–32
human rights standards,
evidence obtained
in breach of 254–56
individual rights 260–61
informal methods 259–60, 261–63
international comity 231
International Covenant
on Civil and
Political Rights 254
International Criminal
Tribunals for
the Former Yugoslavia
and Rwanda 254
judicial authorisation
of request 231–32
letters rogatory 231
misuse 232
money laundering 67
multilateral treaties 231, 260–61
Permanent
International
Criminal Court 392–93
procedural
requirements of
requesting State 231
refusal of request 232
Schengen Implementing
Convention, 236–37
transnational
organised crime 49
treaties 231
United Kingdom,
Crime (International Co-operation)
Bill 242
initiatives 240–42
procedure 240–41
reform of law 240
United Nations,
initiatives 233–35

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International Criminal Law
426
Model Treaty on
Mutual Legal
Assistance 233–34
use of evidence
obtained abroad 242–53
breach of foreign law,
evidence obtained in 243–46
local law, evidence
which is irregular under 246–53
outside UK, evidence
obtained 243
Narcotics
See also
Drug-trafficking
Convention 50
piracy 95
transnational organised crime 50
National law
cybercrime 81–83
implementation of
offences in treaties 6–7
money laundering 69–71
terrorism 20–22
National liberation
movements
terrorism 18, 19, 40–42
National security
terrorism 21
Natural persons
4
Ne bis in idem
127
Nuclear terrorism
32
Nullum crimen
nulla poena sine
lege scripta
127
Obscene publications
Agreement for the
Suppression of the
Circulation of
Obscene Publications 89
child pornography 91
circulation and
trafficking in 88–91
Convention for the
Suppression of and
Traffic in Obscene
Publications 89
definition of obscenity 90
freedom of expression 90
human rights 90
United Kingdom 90, 91
United States 90–91
UPU Convention 89
Obstruction of justice
transnational
organised crime 50
OECD Security
Guidelines
cybercrime 81
Offences against
the person
See
Apartheid; Disappearances;
Slavery;
Torture
Organised crime
See
Transnational organised crime
Pacta sunt servanda
3
Passive personality
principle
152–54
terrorism 21
Penalties
theory of international
criminal law 2
Permanent International
Criminal Court
aggression, crime of 381–84
amendments to
the Statute 393–95
background 375–77
co-operation 392–93
constitution 376–77
criminal law, general
principles of 390–92
establishment 376
general principles
of criminal law 390–92
genocide 384
humanity,
crimes against 384–86
international co-operation 392–93
judges 377
judicial assistance 392–93
jurisdiction 377
admissibility 377–81
aggression,
crime of 381–84
genocide 384
humanity, crimes
against 384–86
subject matter 377, 381–90
war crimes 386–90
mutual legal

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Index
427
assistance 392–93
reparation
of victims 395–96
reservations
to Statute 393–95
subject matter
jurisdiction 377, 381–90
war crimes 386–90
Person, offences against
See
Apartheid; Slavery; Torture
Pinochet
case
225–29
Piracy
acts constituting 97
animus furandi
95
belligerents 96
categories 94
concept 1
constituent elements
of offence 97
customary law 95, 97
definition under
international law 4, 95–99
enemy of mankind 96
eradication 99–100
exclusive economic
zone, in 98
High Seas Convention 97
high seas, on 98
historical background 95–97
increase 94, 95
intention 95
jure gentium
1, 4, 94–100
mens rea
1
methods of operation 94–95
narcotic drugs 95
organised 94
organised crime 95
political motives 96
prevention 99–100
private ends proviso 97, 98
proposals to tackle 99–100
recognition 96
registration of ships 94
statistics 94
theory of international
criminal law 1
UNCLOS 1, 4, 97, 99
United States 96
Piracy Reporting
Centre
11
Police co-operation
265–85
Eurojust 280–81
European arrest
warrant 282–83
European Judicial
Network 283
European Public
Prosecutor 281–82
European Union
corpus juris
284–85
Eurojust 280–81
European arrest
warrant 282–83
European Convention
on Mutual Assistance
in Criminal Matters 284
European Court
of Justice 272–73
European Judicial
Network 283
European Police
College 283–84
European Public
Prosecutor 281–82
Europol 273–77
initiatives 270–85
procedural safeguards 285
Schengen 
Acquis
277–79
Schengen Information
System 279–80
generally 265
improving 265
Interpol 265–70
background 265–66
establishment 265
Executive
Committee 267
General Assembly 267
General Secretariat 267
membership 266
National Central
Bureaux 267–68
operational activities 268–70
organisation 266–68
role 265, 266
procedural
safeguards 285
transnational
organised crime 265
Political offence
exception
extradition 181, 186–88
terrorism 17
theory of

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International Criminal Law
428
international
criminal law 1–2
Pornography
children 91, 116
Postal offences
mail fraud 88
transnational
offences 87–88
United States 88
UPU Conventions 87–88
Presumption
of innocence
defences in international
criminal law 128
evidence before ad
hoc tribunals 290
International Criminal
Tribunals for the Former
Yugoslavia and Rwanda 372
Prior statements
evidence before ad
hoc tribunals 320–21
Private organisations
enforcement of international
criminal law 11
Privilege
evidence before ad hoc
tribunals 294, 296–97
Prostitution
children 113
Convention for the
Suppression of the
Traffic of Persons and
of the Exploitation of
the Prostitution
of Others 6
serfdom 114–15
slavery 114–15
Protective principle
154–55
Rape
International Criminal
Tribunals for the Former
Yugoslavia and Rwanda 364–68
Reconciliation
10
Reparation of victims
Permanent International
Criminal Court 395–96
Schengen
Acquis
277–79
Schengen Implementing
Convention
236–37
drug-trafficking 59
Sea, law of the
93–108
See also
Hot pursuit, right of; Piracy;
UNCLOS
mutiny 98–99
Second World War,
Nuremberg Tribunal 133
State criminality 12
Security Council,
International Criminal
Tribunals for the Former
Yugoslavia and Rwanda 339–40
Resolution 1368 39
Resolution 1373 34–35
Self-defence,
defences in international
criminal law 138–39
September 11
terrorist attacks
5,
18–19,
22,
28,
34,
39
Serfdom,
111,
113–14
Sexual offences
evidence before ad
hoc tribunals 294
International Criminal
Tribunals for the Former
Yugoslavia and Rwanda 364–68
Ships,
Achille Lauro
incident 21, 98
mutiny 98–99
piracy
See
Piracy
violence against 98–99
Sierra Leone
Special Court
397–401
Slavery
109–17
abolition 109
bride-price 111, 112
children 111, 112–13, 116
customary law 110
debt bondage 111–12
definition 110
enforcement measures,
international 116–17
evaluation of
incidences of 109
exploitation 115
forced labour 115
high seas,
trade on the 110
international

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Index
429
agreements 109
prostitution 114–15
remedies 116–17
search and seizure
of ships 110
serfdom 111, 113–14
slave trade 111–16
Slavery Convention 110
traffic in persons 114–15
transnational
organised crime 115
UN Working Group 116
UNCLOS 116–17
WTO Agreement 17