International Criminal Law
408
Criminal Law and Procedure, because the status of the relevant international criminal
defences—which themselves are ambiguous—is uncertain, as they are not mentioned
in the 2001 law.
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As we have already mentioned, the Chambers will also include international
judges. The Chambers, based on the existing Cambodian court structure, will
comprise a trial court, consisting of three Cambodian and two international judges
and a Supreme Court composed of five Cambodian and four international judges.
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Decisions are to be reached by unanimity, and where this is not possible, qualified
majority voting will apply.
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This formula, known as the ‘Super-Majority’ rule,
represents a compromise between the UN and the Cambodian Government.
Essentially, it requires that even if the Cambodian judges are unanimous among
themselves they would still need the favourable vote of at least one international
judge. Article 46 of the 2001 law allows the Supreme Council of Magistracy to appoint
judges, co-prosecutor and investigating judges, where the foreign candidates do
not assume their posts. It is also difficult to assess the future of the Extraordinary
Chambers in relation to the regime of amnesties, especially those granted to senior
Khmer leaders, such as Ieng Sary, Pol Pot’s second in command. In any event, Art 40
of the 2001 law, rather confusingly, does not render amnesties a bar to prosecutions.
The 2003 UN-Cambodia Agreement clearly states that the Agreement is the principal
instrument for the trials. Hence, any conflicting provision in the 2001 law would be
devoid of legal force and the Chambers would be compelled to apply the law
stipulated under the Agreement.
15.6 THE LOCKERBIE TRIAL
On 22 December 1988, Pan Am flight 103 exploded above the village of Lockerbie in
Scotland, having taken off from London, killing all of its 259 passengers and crew as
well as 11 Lockerbie residents killed by the debris. Investigations immediately
commenced in the UK and US, involving also law enforcement authorities around
the world. All relevant investigations implicated two Libyan agents, Al-Megrahi
and Fhimah, as having concealed plastic explosives in a suitcase on an Air Malta
flight KM180 to Frankfurt, rerouted from there to London, and subsequently
transferred onto the tragic 103 flight bound for JFK airport at New York city. The
explosives were detonated by an electronic timer, with the then alleged perpetrators
managing not to board flight 103, and the luggage being stored on the aircraft without
being counted or x-rayed.
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While ongoing investigations had been conducted in secrecy, on 27 November
1991 the Lord Advocate obtained an arrest warrant for the two Libyans, on charges
of conspiracy to murder, murder and breaches of the 1982 Aviation Security Act.
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