World Trade Organisation
The WTO was established on January 1, 1995. The WTO is the embodiment of
the Uruguay Round results and the successor to GATT. 76 Governments became
members of the WTO on its first day. As of December 2000, there are 142
members of the WTO and 34 countries have an observer status. There is a
waiting list of 28 members. They account for more than 90 per cent of the world
trade. The WTO is based in Geneva, Switzerland.
Its essential functions are:
Administering and implementing the multilateral and plurilateral trade
agreements which together make up the WTO;
1. Acting as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations;
2. Seeking to resolve trade disputes;
3. Overseeing national trade policies; and
4. Cooperating with other international institutions involved in global policy-
making.
The World Trade Organization is not a simple extension of GATT. On the
contrary, it completely replaces its predecessor and has a very different
character, which is mentioned below.
1. The GATT was a set of rules, a multilateral agreement, with no institu-tional
foundation, only a small associated secretariat. The WTO is a permanent
institution with its own secretariat.
2. The GATT was applied on a ' 'provisional basis'' even if, after more than forty
years, governments chose to treat it as a permanent commitment. The WTO
commitments are full and permanent.
3. The GATT rules applied to trade in merchandise goods. In addition to goods,
the WTO covers trade in services and trade-related aspects of intellectual
property.
4. While GATT was a multilateral instrument, by the 1980s many new
agreements had been added of a plurilateral, and therefore selective nature. The
agreements which constitute the WTO are almost all multilateral and, thus,
involve commitments for the entire membership.
5. The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic, and thus much
less susceptible to blockages, than the old GATT system.
WTO is a watchdog of international trade, regularly examining the trade regimes
of individual members. In its various bodies, members flog proposed or draft
measures by others that can cause trade conflicts. Members are also requiring
notifying various trade measures and statistics, which are maintained by the
WTO in a large data base.
The WTO is also a management consultant for world trade. Its economist keeps
a close watch on the pulse of the global economy, and provides studies on the
main trade issues of the day.
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