Instruction

Effective lesson starts

• Lesson opening should be relevant to the topic you are studying
• Hook the students attention at once
• Consider quiet or energizing lesson starts depending on the energy in the group
• Activate Ss experience and previous knowledge
• Think carefully about the type of lesson start and timing
• Use pictorial prompts, realia, anecdotes, personal stories with care!

Instruction

Inductive teaching

• T gives SS a text to read and respond to.

SS are exposed to new language through a set of examples

• T asks SS to identify all the conjunctions in the text

SS have to discover language or rule

• SS produce their own examples to demonstrate the use of conjunctions

SS apply rules in a series of activities

Advantages of inductive teaching

• It is student-centered
• It is authentic
• It stimulates learner autonomy
• The action of discovery helps learners retain more information
• It fosters communication in class
• It responds better to SS needs and encourages use of various learning strategies and styles

Any disadvantages?

• Can require more class-time
• SS may need to be introduced into such kind of teaching
• May not be appropriate for all SS and especially administration

Deductive teaching

• T explains the Present Perfect tense, how it works, and how it is made

T explicitly teaches some rules

• SS practice the language in a matching and gap-fill activity

T provides opportunities for controlled practice

• SS play a game in which one is miming and action, and others have to guess

SS have freer practice

Advantages of deductive teaching

• It can meet student expectations
• It is more ‘teacher-friendly’ (T controls the input)
• A more efficient use of time
• Complies with many coursebooks and syllabuses