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Exercise 3. Define category of case in contrasted languages with the help of examples
More controversial, because the number of cases various from 2 to 15. In some languages there are no cases. The number of cases depends on the number of factors. In Russian and Uzbek there are 6 cases and they show the relations between case form in nominative and accusative in plural (дом’а – ‘дома) but in English we distinguish only two cases: common and possessive cases and the other case endings are expressed by the help of prepositions. In English prepositions are used because there’s only one distinction between a noun and possessive.
Every case form has its definite syntactical function. In Russian only in nominative case are used in subjects. In English nouns in possessive case have the function of attribute. Some grammarians consider that there are no case flexions at all.
Nouns in the possessive case in English have the following characteristic features as nouns in nominative case may be used with articles
a pupil’s book
the pupil’s book
with adj. (a good pupil’s book)
with numeral (2 pupils’ book)
But nouns with the possessive and nominative case have different functions. Nouns in genitive case may have ‘of’ (дом брата, акамнинг уйи).
In English nouns in the possessive case have: - property opposition (Joni’s book), - private or social relations (Joni’s wife, Жонининг аёли), - the origin (the moon’s light-ойнинг ёруғи), - relation between a whole and a part (Joni’s hand, Жонининг қўли), - a characteristic feature of smth. (mother’s care - онанинг меҳрибончилиги), - time distance relations.
Relations expressed by nouns in the possessive case may be expressed by a noun with prep ‘of’.
They are synonyms but difference is in style. Combinations with ‘of’ phrase are more official and may have some additional meanings: - a characteristic feature (a woman of a strong will), - material (a dress of wool), - a part of smth. (crowd of people).
Possessive case in English has 2 forms: dependent (tom’s fault), - absolute/ independent (Joni’s was a brilliant idea).
In Russian dative case has the meaning of an action directed at an object. (купил детям, болалар учун сотиб олди). Accusative case in Rus denotes a direct object (писал письмо-хатни ёзди ёки хат ёзилди). Instrumental case denotes an instrument with the help of which is performed (писать карандашом-қалам билан ёзмоқ). In English preposition ‘by’ is used. Prepositional case in Russian has meaning of space (собрались в аудитории- аудиторияда тўпланишди).