«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

Specifically, English Types of Word. Formation: Conversion: nouns into verbs or verbs into nouns, adjectives into nouns or nouns into adjectives: N>V: a chairman > to chairman, a butcher > to butcher, a boss > to boss, an X-ray > to X-ray V>N: to catch > the catch to look > a look to ride > a ride to know how > (the) know-how
• The sound interchange (i. e. short vs. long): bit - beat, cot - court, kin - keen, live - life, prove - proof, rid read, sit - seat, etc.
• Lexicalization of some plural forms of nouns like colour - colours (military banner), glass — glasses (eye-glasses, opera-glasses), line - lines (poetic works), etc.
• The phono morphological word-formation which is closely connected with the abbreviation proper. Cf. Mr. for mister, Mrs. (misses), govt. (government), Sgt. (sergeant), memo (memorandum), demo (demonstration), D (Lady D) princess Diana, etc.
Foreign elements in the contrasted languages
• The vocabulary of the contrasted languages consists of two layers – the native stock and borrowed words.
• A native word is a word which belongs to the original stock, known from the earliest available manuscripts.
• A loan word (borrowed, a borrowing) is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the recipient language.
Native words. Words belonging to the subsets of the native word stock are characterized by: a wide range of lexical and grammatical valency, high frequency and a developed polysemy. They often are monosyllabic, show great word-building power and enter a number of set expressions.


Assimilation of borrowings. Assimilation of a loan word demotes a partial or total confirmation to the phonetic, graphic, morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system.
• Grammatical adaptation of a loan word consists in a complete change of its grammatical paradigm. E. g. пальто - пальто, метро - в метро; datum - data, phenomenon - phenomena.