«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

partial homonymity, we usually observe full homonymity within one pan of
speech and partial - within different parts of speech. If we have two homonyms
within one part of speech their paradigms should fully coincide.
Homonyms can be classified into lexical, lexico-grammatical and purely
grammatical. We should differentiate between homonymity and polysemantic
words.
1. Different words and stable expressions are systemically arranged. The
systemic organization of lexicon is conditioned in all languages by lingual as well
as by extra lingual factors which are of universal nature. Among the extra lingual
factors, the following should be pointed out as most important:
a) the physical and mental factors; b) the environmental factors; c) the social
factors.
2. Lexical units denoting the physical needs of human beings:
• actions designated by such verbs as live, eat, drink, think, sleep, wake, walk,
run, jump, love, merry, die, etc.
• mental activity of man designated by such words as speak, think, ask, answer,
decide, realize, imagine, understand many others.
3.Lexical units denoting natural environment. Common notions designated by
words which reflect the multitudes of objects and phenomena surrounding every
human being on the globe such as the sun, the moon, the stars, the wind, the sky,
thunder, lightning, rain, as well as various species of plants, trees, fruits, colours,
and living beings like fish, insects, mice, etc.
4. Lexical units denoting social phenomena relationships and activities of man:
mother, father, child, sister, brother, aunt, uncle, grandmother, grandfather, etc.
5. Universal lexicon. All words and combinations of words designating the many
notions, which appear due to the above-mentioned principles, constitute a large
typologically common class of words referred to as universal lexicon.
other common layers of lexicon:
• dialectal,
• professional,
• poetic,
• archaic,
• slang,
• International, Etc. lexicons.
Each of them has its distinctive typologically characteristic features of
isomorphic nature in common. Thus, the functioning of dialectal lexicons in any
language is restricted to a definite historically destined territory (cf. the Scottish
dialect, London cockney or the Western Ukrainian dialect).
International Lexicon split into two typologically distinct subgroups: 45
1. Genuine internationalisms having a common linguistic form, a common
source of origin and identical lexical meaning (cf.: parliament, poet, theatre,
molecule, theorem, forum, history, waltz, sword of Damocles, to pass the
Rubicon, Pandora's box, etc.);
International Lexicon 2. Lexical loan internationalisms which have the same
lexical meaning but exist only in national lingual forms. These are usually terms
like specific gravity/weight o'ziga xos tortish / og'irlik, удельный вес / вес, the
law of gravitation -закон гравитации, tortishish qonuni, agreement (gram. )
согласование, мослашув, the composite sentence/ составное предложение,
мураккаб гап; сase, падеж, келишик, addition, добавление, қўшиш;
subtraction,айириш, вычисление, division, деление, бўлиш, etc
Units of Nationally Specific Lexicon (culturally biased elements)
• English: farthing, shilling, dollar, Chartist, Yorkshire pudding, to cut off with a
shilling, etc.).
• Russian: кутя, вареники, бандурист, кобзар, запорожець и тд.,
• Uzbek: chuchvara, ko’rpacha, do’ppi, chopon, so’m va boshqalar.
Nouns: самец, теленок, бузоқча,(male, calf), кот и кошка (cat or kitten),
стрекоза,эчки (goat), бўталоқ,ҳўтик (horse or foal, colt), чўчқа, чўчқа
гўшти,свинья,свинина (pig or piglet), собока,собаченок,кучук, кучукча (dog,
puppy), голубь,голуби,каптар ва каптарча (pigeon(s)), ғоз, гусья (goose),
ўрдак,утёнок (duck or duckling), etc.