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Members of family: она/мама (mummy), ота, дада, папа (daddy), буви,
бабушка, бабуля (grannie), дядя, амаки-тоға (uncle), бобо, дода (grandfather),
энага, нняня (nurse), дочь, қиз (daughter);
• Parts of human body: ухо, қулоқ (ear), оёқ, нога (leg, foot), рука, қўл (hand),
глаза, кўз (eye, eyes).
Other nouns denoting different objects or phenomena: олма, яблоко (apple),
ложка, қошиқ, (spoon), гўшт, мясо:қўй гўшти, мол гўшти, баранина,
говядина (meat), сладости, ширинликлар (sweety), молоко, сут (milk),
рубашка, платье, кўйлак (shirt, dress), холодная погода, совуқ ҳаво (cold
weather), бешик, кроватча, детская кроватка, колыбель (cot, cradle)
чақалоқ,ребёнок (kid, doll), гул, цветок (flower),ўйинчоқ,игрушка (any toy),
успокоить, пустышка, сўрғич, (soothe, baby's dummy)etc.
The linguistic principles of typological classification of lexicon are based in all
languages on the following features of words:
• on their common lexico-grammatical nature;
• on their belonging to a common lexicosemantic group;
• on their peculiar stylistic function and meaning;
• on their denotative or connotative (or both) meanings, etc.
In accordance with their general implicit lexico-grammatical meaning all
words are grouped into a) notional (they constitute the bulk of words in
languages), b) functionals.
All contrasted languages have an isomorphic or even a universal peculiarity of
expressing the most general implicit meanings of substantivity, verbality, deictic
properties, adverbially, etc. thus representing nouns, adjectives, pronouns, 46
numerals, verbs, adverbs and statives that are parts of speech performing the same
functions in English and Russian and Uzbek sentences. The notion of the parts of
speech, therefore, belongs to the universal ones.
Functionals. They are common in English and contrasted languages with the
exception of the articles the and a/аn. Namely: prepositions/, conjunctions/,
particles, interjections/, modal words and modal phrases. Common are 12 lexicogrammatical classes of words each ofwhich has mostly the same properties in the
contrasted languages.
Lexico-semantic groups of words (the LSGs) Words of an LSG may often
have a regular synonymic relationship in English and contrasted languages. For
example, the notion of "dwelling" unites the following row of nouns denoting
different kinds of shelter: dug-out (ертўла, подвал), shanty (лачуга, хибарка),
mud-house (глининый дом, пахсали уй), house, cottage, bungalow, villa, palace,
apartment, etc.
Common lexico-semantic groups:
• adjectives denoting dimension: big, large, great, huge, gigantic, enormous,
small, tiny, etc.). Similarly, in сontrasted languages: большой, великий,
здоровый, громадный, гигантский; катта, баҳайбат, улкан, кичкина, тўнғич;
малый, невеликий, небольшой, малюсенький;
• adjectives denoting beauty: beautiful, nice, handsome, pretty, smart, goodlooking, etc.). In Russian: красивый, прекрасный, отличный, бесподобный; чиройли, гўзал, сулув, пари, париваш;
• adjectives denoting colours: red, yellow, green, blue, pink, brown, azure,
orange, violet, white, black, gray, hazel, etc. In Russian: белый, черный,
красный, жёлтый, оранжевый, фиолетовый, синий, алый, розовой,
коричневый, голубой, зелёный; In Uzbek: oқ, қора, қизил, сариқ, сабзранг,
кўк, ҳаворанг, яшил, зангори, малла, жигарранг, кўкимтир, тўқкўк, тилла
ранг, сариқ, сиёҳранг ва ҳокозо.
• verbs of saying: say, tell, converse, talk, speak, retort and in Russian: говорить,
сказать, расказать, разговаривать, пересказать, кричать, думать, подумать,
обдумать, шептать; In Uzbek: демоқ, айтмоқ, гапирмоқ, ҳикоя қилмоқ,
пичирламоқ, бақирмоқ, сўзламоқ, etc.
• verbs denoting mental or physical perceptions: comprehend, understand, know,
like, think; see, hear, taste, feel, touch. In Russian: понимать, подразумевать,
знать, осознать, слушать, нравиться, видеть, слышать, пробовать,
чувствовать, трогать, пошептать, пощупать, etc. In Uzbek: тингламоқ,
тушунмоқ, эшитмоқ, кўрмоқ, ҳис қилмоқ, англамоқ, ушлаб кўрмоқ, таъмини
кўрмоқ, еб кўрмоқ, айтмоқ, демоқ, гапирмоқ, бидирламоқ, пичирламоқ.
Separate LSGs are formed by functionals. among prepositional LSGs there
may be local prepositions (on, in, at, over, above, under, below, behind, на, над,
под, около, поблизости, сзади, спереди, между, среди, выше, внизу; остида,
устида, ёнида, яқинида, орасида, ўртасида, тепасида, пастида, қуйида,
рўпарасида, атрофида etc.); prepositions denoting direction (to, into, from,
towards, up, down;In Uzbek: га, ичига, ёнига, устига, тепасига, пастига,
рўпарасига, тагига and etc. In Russian: у, в, на, под, за, вверх, вниз, вдоль,
поперек, до, etc.). 47
Semiotic classification of Lexicon by E. Nida:
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