«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

• Class 1. Concrete, countable life nouns denoting non-persons: parrot, fox, pig,
swine, rat, and попугай/лиса, собака, кошка, щенок, попугай, тўтиқуш,
каптар, тўрғай, от, қўй, сигир ва etc.
• Class 2. Concrete, countable life nouns denoting persons. Their number is
estimated to be in English and сcontrasted languages over 6, 000. leader,
chairman, robber, учитель, кассир, банкир, юрист, обманщик и т.д., раҳбар,
мудир, ўқитувчи, бошлиқ, кассир, банкир, юрист, ёлғончи ва ҳокозо.
Class 3. - concrete, countable, non-person, inanimate nouns:
• plant names: cabbage, beetroot, капуста, буряк; карам, лавлаги, пиёз,
гулкарам, картошка, шолғом, редиска; репка, капуста, цветная капуста, лук,
картошка, морковь и тд.
• names of celestial bodies and atmospheric masses: comet, moon, sun, stars,
комета, месяц, солнце, луна, звёзды; ой, қуёш, осмон, ой, юлдузлар;
• parts of human body: hand, head, arm, рука, нога, голова;
• names of arts: dancing, drawing, singing, танцевать, петь, рисовать; ашула
айтмоқ, рақсга тушмоқ, расм солмоқ (чизмоқ);
• means of communication: internet, telegraph, телефон, etc;
• names of unique unreal bodies: dickens/genius, gnome, nymph, чёрт, домовик,
гном; гном, жин, домовик.
Class 4. - concrete life nouns, non-person, represented by different common
collective nouns: e. g. nation, race, family, crew, staff, gang, company, police,
militia, forces, troops, etc. миллат, ирқ, оила, команда, тўда, элат, полиция,
қўшин, штаб, etc., миллат, элат, оила, экипаж, xoдимлар, тўда, компания,
полиция, милиция, қўшин; нация, раса, семья, команда, персонал, банда,
компания, полиция, полиция, сила, войска.
Class 5. - collective life nouns:
• species of animals (cattle, sheep or poultry, мол/қўй, парранда);
• fish (silver carp, carp, herring: сазан, сом, илон балиқ;
• a mass of some living beings (swarm of bees, рой пчел, pack of dogs/wolves,
стая собак/волков, flock of sheep/herd of cattle стадо овец\ роготого скота)
Class 6. Concrete, inanimate, uncountable nonperson nouns that include all
singularia tantum group: e. g. butter, bread, sugar, oil, snow, sand; сариёғ, нон,
шакар, пахта ёги, қор, қум, тупроқ, масло, хлеб, сахар, песок, сливочное
масло, хлопковое масло, etc.
Class 7. - abstract nouns: business, information, news, feudalism, thought,
thinking, significance, tolerance, бизнес, информация, новости, феодализм,
мысль, мышление, значимость, терпимость, бизнес, маълумот,
янгилик,фикрлаш, аҳамиятлилик, бағрикенлик
Identifying subclasses of words. All non-substantive words constitute five large
semiotic subclasses of lexemes, each presenting a separate part of speech.
Subclass 1. Verbal words.
Subclass 2. The adjectives.
Subclass 3. Pronouns.
Subclass 4. Numerals.
Subclass 5. Adverbs.
Subclass 1. Verbal words - various classes of notional and functional verbs. 48
Notional verbs - different LSGs characterized by their general implicit
grammatical meaning as transitivity or intransitivity, perfective or non-perfective
(or any other aspect), reflexiveness or non-reflexiveness, etc. Isomorphism is
observed, for instance, in English and contrasted languages in the existence of
transitivity and non-transitivity of verbs and consequently in their ability to take
the direct and indirect object (cf. send her a letter; отправить ей письмо; унга
(her) хат жўнатмоқ) and consequently to be used in active and passive voice (cf.
To build - to be built и строить, быть построенным; қурмоқ, қурилмоқ).
Subclass 2. – adjectives: These words split in all languages into two subclasses:
the qualitative and the relative adjectives, a universal typological feature.
Qualitative adjectives in all languages have degrees of comparison (also a
universal feature), e. g. long - longer - the longest- длинней -длиннее – самый
длинный; узун- узунроқ, энг узун. Isomorphic are the syntactic functions of
adjectives in most languages.
Subclass 3 embraces pronouns that have in most languages both isomorphic and
allomorphic features with nouns or numerals and functionally with adjectives (cf.
Peter - he, love - she, the four - they, something/nothing - it – он, она, the first -
первый, the third-третьей, etc.). Universal are practically all the main classes of
pronouns, though their number may be different in various languages.
In English and contrasted languages there exist personal pronouns (I, you, he, she,
we, they: я, ты/вы, он, она, мы, вы, они; мен, сен, у, биз, сиз, улар),
demonstrative pronouns (this, that, such, those, etc. это, эти, тот, те;бу,
шу,булар, улар, ўшалар), possessive pronouns (his, her, our, their; унинг,
бизнинг,уларнинг). In English, however, there exist possessive absolute
pronouns (mine, hers, ours, yours, In Uzbek: меники, сеники, уники, бизники,
сизларники, уларники)
Subclass 4 - numerical words. Numerals having universal nature: 1) cardinal
numerals (three, twenty-one, one hundred and ten; три, двадцать один, сто
десять, etc.); 2) ordinal numerals (the first, the tenth, the thirty-first, первый,
десятый, тридцать первый, etc.). 3) the subclass of fractional (two-thirds, one
fifth, three-fifths две третья, одна пятая, три пятых, etc.)
Subclass 5 - the adverb. Adverbial words in all languages split into several
semantic classes which are mainly universal, 1) Adverbs denoting/expressing
temporal relations: now, then, when, today; ҳозир, ўшанда, қачон, бугун;
сейчас, тогда, когда, сегодня; 2) adverbs denoting/expressing local relations:
here, everywhere, nowhere, there, etc. бу ерда, ҳамма ерда, ҳеч ерда( ҳеч
қаерда) тут, везде, повсюду, там; 3) adverbs expressing direction: eastwards,
whence, thence; шарққа, қаердан, бу ердан; на восток, откуда, отсюда; 4)
adverbs expressing manner: how, so, slowly; қандай, шундай, секин; как, так,
медленно, etc.; 5) adverbs expressing degree: quite, almost, completely, etc.
очень, почти, полностью, etc.
Stylistically marked lexicon 1) ameliorative words: daddy, mummy, Sissie,
gentleman; папочка, мамочка, сестричка, жентельмен; 2) pejorative
(уничижительный, камситувчи) words: bastard, blackguard, clown, knave;
башоратчи, қоратанли, масхарабоз, фирибгар, ублюдок, черный страж, 49
клоун, мошенник, etc. 3) Constantly neutral words: smith, geometry, teacher,
love, you, he, all, темирчи/ геометрия, ўқитувчи, муҳаббат, сен, у, ҳамма;
кузнец, геометрия, учитель, любовь, ты, он, все и etc.

Questions for self-control:

1. Give the definition of the term “parts of speech” in Linguistics.
2. Why do linguists name parts of speech as primary grammatical categories?
3. Who suggested this term?
4. Analyze different approaches to classification of parts of speech. What do you
think about it? Give your own opinion.
5. What is the main criterion for uniting words into one and the same part of
speech?
6. Different approaches to classification of parts of speech.
7. What parts of speech are there in English, Uzbek and Russian?
8. Reveal similarities and differences.
9. The problem of interference in foreign language teaching acquisition
(Morphological level).