Supposing (that) he
doesn’t come, who will do
the work?
Boringki u kelmasa,
ishni kim qiladi?
251
unless agar, -masa
I shall go there tomorrow
unless I am too busy.
Agar juda band bo‘l-
masam men u yerga er-
taga boraman.
d) quyidagilar maqsad ergash gaplarni bog‘laydi:
lest -maslik maqsadida,
-masligi uchun
They wrapped the instru-
ments in oilcloth lest they
shuld be damaged by sea
water.
Asboblar dengiz su-
vidan zararlanmasligi
uchun ular
ni klyon
ka
bilan o‘radilar.
so that, in order that,
that uchun, maqsadda
I gave him the book so
that (in order that, that)
he might study the subject
at home.
Uyida o‘qisin deb men
kitobni unga berdim.
e) quyidagi bog‘lovchilar ravish ergash gaplarni bog‘laydilar:
as dek, -day, -ga
o‘xshatib
I’ll do it as you told me.
Men buni siz aytga-
ningizdek qilaman.
as if (as though) xuddi
You answer as if (as
though) you did not know
the rule.
Siz xuddi qoidani bil-
magandek javob bera-
siz.
so … that shunday …
bo‘lganligi uchun
The sea was so stormy
that the vessel could not
leave the port.
Dengizda shunday do-
vul ediki, kema bandar-
goh (port) ni tark eta
olmadi.
such … that sunday
… bo‘lganligi uchun
There was such a storm
that day that the vessel
could not leave the port.
O‘sha kuni dengiz
da
shunday
do vul
ediki
kema ban
dargoh(port)
ni tark eta olmadi.
f) quyidagi bog‘lovchilar qiyoslash ergash gaplarini bog‘laydi:
as … as –dek, kabi
I get up as early as you
do.
Men sizdek erta tura-
man.
(not) so … as –dek …
emas
The book is not so inter-
esting as I thought.
Kitob men o‘ylaga nim-
dek qiziq emas.
than -ga qaraganda
He returned sooner than
we had expected.
U biz kutganimizga
qaraganda ertaroq qay-
tib keldi.
252
g) quyidagilar natija ergash gaplarni bog‘laydi:
so that uchun
The loading of the goods
was completed on Mon-
day so that on Teusday the
ship was able to leave the
port.
Seshanba kuni kema
portni tark eta olishi
uchun mollarni yuk-
lash dushanba kuni
tugallandi.
h) quyidagi bog‘lovchilar to‘siqsiz ergash gaplarni bog‘laydi:
in spite of the fact that
-ga qaramasdan
He went out in spite of
the fact that he had a bad
cold.
Qattiq shamollaga ni ga
qaramasdan u tashqari-
ga chiqdi.
though (although) -ga
qaramasdan, garchi,
-sa ham
He speaks English per-
fectly though (although)
he has never been to Eng-
land.
U Anglyada hech
qachon bo‘lmagan
bo‘lsa ham, ingliz
tilida mukammal ga-
piradi.
BOG‘LOVCHI SO‘ZLAR
Ergash gaplarni bosh gaplar bilan bog‘lash uchun bog‘lovchilardan
tashqari quyidagi bog‘lovchi so‘zlar ham ishlatiladi: who, whose, what,
which, that olmoshlari va when, where, how, why ravishlari. Ular bog‘lov-
chilardan farq qilib, gapda birorta gap bo‘lagi ham bo‘lib keladi:
I don’t know when he
will return.
Uning qachon qaytib kelishini
bilmayman.
( When ergash gapni bosh gapga bog‘laydi va ergash gapda payt holi
bo‘lib keladi.)
I know the man who wrote
this article.
Men bu maqolani yozgan kishini bi-
laman (taniyman).
( Who ergash gapni bosh gapga bog‘laydi va ergash gapda ega bo‘lib
keladi.)
Tom told me what he
had seen there.
Tom u yerda ko‘rganlarini menga
aytib berdi.
( What ergash gapni bosh gapga bog‘laydi va ergash gapda to‘ldiruvchi
bo‘lib keladi.)
253
SHAKLI BIR-BIRIGA MOS KELADIGAN BOG‘LOVCHILAR,
PREDLOGLAR VA RAVISHLAR
Ba’zi bog‘lovchilarning shakli predloglar va ravishlar bilan mos keladi.
Ularning qaysi so‘z turkumiga mos kelishini biz ularning gapdagi vazifasidan
aniqlaymiz:
1. He always comes before I do
( before — bog‘lovchi, ergash gap ni
bosh gapga bog’laydi).
U har doim men kelishimdan
oldin keladi.
I shall go there before dinner ( be-
fore — predlog; otga munosabatni
ko‘rsatayapti).
Men u yerga tushlikdan oldin
boraman.
I have seen this before ( before —
ravish; ish-harakatning sodir bo’lish
vaqtini ko‘rsatadi).
Men buni oldin ko‘rganman.
2. I found the letter after he had left
( after –bog‘lovchi).
Men u ketganidan keyin xatni
topdim.
He came after breakfast ( after —
bog‘lovchi).
U nonushtadan keyin keldi.
We can do that after ( after — ra-
vish).
Buni keyin qila olamiz.
3. What have you been doing since I
saw you last? ( since — bog‘lovchi).
Men sizni oxirgi marta ko‘r-
ganim dan buyon nima qilayot-
gan edingiz?
I have not been there since 1990
( since — predlog).
Men u yerda 1990-yildan bu-
yon bo‘lganim yo‘q.
He left London six months ago, and
I have not seen him since ( since —
ravish).
U Londonni olti oy ilgari tark
etdi, men uni o‘shandan buyon
ko‘rganim yo‘q.
UNDOV SO‘ZLAR (THE INTERJECTION)
Undov so‘zlar his-hayajon va tuyg‘uni ifodalovchi so‘zlardir. Ular gap
bo‘lagi bo‘lmaydi:
His father, alas, is no better.
Afsus, uning otasi tuzalmayapti.
Oh! How you frightened me.
O! Meni qanchalik qo‘rqitib yubor-
ding.
Well! What do you think of it?
Xo‘sh! Bu haqda sizning fi kringiz
qanday?
254
GAP (THE SENTENCE)
Umumiy ma’lumotlar
1. Gap deb tugallangan fi krni ifodalovchi so‘zlar yig‘indisiga ayti ladi.
The sun rises in the east.
Quyosh sharqdan chiqadi.
2. Gapning tarkibiga kiruvchi va birorta so‘roqqa javob bo‘luvchi so‘zlar
gap bo‘laklari deb ataladi.
3. Gap bo‘laklari bosh bo‘laklar va ikkinchi darajali gap bo‘laklariga
bo‘linadi. Bosh bo‘laklarga ega va kesim kiradi. Ikkinchi darajali gap
bo‘laklariga to‘ldiruvchi ( the Object), aniqlovchi ( the Attribute) va hol
( the Adverbial Modifi re) kiradi.
4. Tuzilishiga ko‘ra gaplar sodda va qo‘shma gaplarga bo‘linadi.
5. Qo‘shma gaplar bog‘langan qo‘shma gaplarga va ergashgan qo‘sh ma
gaplarga bo‘linadi:
The steamer arrived at the port yes-
terday (Sodda gap).
Paroxod kecha portga (yetib)
keldi.
The agreement was signed, and the
delegation left London (bog‘langan
qo‘shma gap).
Bitim imzolandi va delegatsiya
Londonni tark etdi.
After the goods had been unlo aded,
they were taken to the warehouse.
(ergashgan qo‘shma gap).
Mollar tushirilganidan keyin,
omborxonaga olib borildi.
6. Maqsadiga ko‘ra gaplar quyidagi turlarga bo‘linadi:
a) darak gaplar ( Declarative Sentences):
The library is on the second fl oor.
Kutubxona ikkinchi qavatda.
b) so‘roq gaplar ( Interrogative Sentences):
When did you come?
Siz qachon keldingiz?
c) buyruq gaplar ( Imperative Sentences):
Open the window, please.
Iltimos, derazani oching.
d) undov gaplar ( Exclamatory Sentences):
How well she sings!
U qanday yaxshi kuylaydi!
255
SODDA GAP (THE SIMPLE SENTENCE)
YIG‘IQ VA YOYIQ GAPLAR
(UNEXTENDED AND EXTENDED SENTENCES)
1. Sodda gaplar yig‘iq va yoyiq gaplarga bo‘linadi.
2. Yig‘iq gaplar faqat bosh bo‘laklar — ega va kesimdan iborat bo‘ladi:
The car stopped.
(ega) (kesim)
Mashina to‘xtadi.
3. Yoyiq gaplarda bosh bo‘laklardan tashqari ikkinchi darajali bo‘ laklar
— aniqlovchi, to‘ldiruvchi va hol bo‘ladi. Ikkinchi darajali bo‘lak lar bosh
bo‘laklarni izohlab keladi:
The blue car stopped at the gate.
Ko‘k mashina darvoza oldida
to‘xtadi.
Bu gapda ikkinchi darajali bo‘lak — blue so‘zi (aniqlovchi) ega — the
car so‘zini izohlab kelyapti, ikkinchi darajali bo‘lak — at the gate (o‘rin
holi) kesim stoppedni izohlaydi.
The manager of the offi ce has re-
ceived a telegram.
Ofi s menejeri telegramma oldi.
Bu gapda ikkinchi darajali bo‘lak — of the offi ce (aniqlovchi) gap ning
egasi — the manager so‘zini izohlaydi, ikkinchi darajali bo‘lak a telegram
(to‘ldiruvchi) kesim — has received so‘zini izohlaydi.
4. Ega va unga qarashli bo‘lgan ikkinchi darajali bo‘laklar ega (yoyiq
ega) guruhini tashkil qiladi. Kesim va unga qarashli bo‘lgan ikkinchi darajali
bo‘laklar kesim (yoyiq kesim) guruhini tashkil qiladi:
Ega guruhi (Subject Group)
Kesim guruhi (Predicate Group)
The blue car
stopped at the gate
The manager of our offi ce
has received a telegram
5. Ikkinchi darajali gap bo‘laklari ham o‘z navbatida boshqa ikkinchi
darajali bo‘laklar bilan izohlanishi mumkin va ular bilan qo‘shilib yoyiq gap
bo‘laklarini tashkil qiladi:
The manager has received an im-
portant telegram.
Menejer muhim telegramma
oldi.
Bu gapda ikkinchi darajali gap bo‘lagi a telegram (to‘ldiruvchi) bosh-
qa bir ikkinchi darajali gap bo‘lagi important (aniqlovchi) tomonidan izoh-
lanadi va yoyiq to‘ldiruvchini hosil qiladi.
The question was discussed at the
meeting of the committee.
Masala qo‘mita yig‘ilishida
muho kama qilindi.
256
Bu gapda ikkinchi darajali gap bo‘lagi at the meeting (o‘rin holi) bosh-
qa bir ikkinchi darajali gap bo‘lagi of the committee (aniqlovchi) bilan
izohlanadi) va ular at the meeting of the committee yoyiq o‘rin holini tash-
kil qiladi.
GAPNING BOSH BO‘LAKLARI
Ega (The subject)
Ega quyidagilar bilan ifodalanadi:
1. Ot bilan:
The steamer has arrived.
Paroxod yetib keldi.
The meeting is over.
Yig‘ilish tugadi.
2. Olmosh bilan:
He works at a factory.
U zavodda ishlaydi.
Someone wants to speak to you.
Siz bilan kimdir gaplashmoqchi.
Who tore this book?
Bu kitobni kim yirtdi.
3. Infi nitiv va infi nitivli iboralar bilan:
To swim is pleasant.
Cho‘milish yoqimli.
For him to come was impossible.
Uning uchun kelishning imkoni
yo‘q edi.
4. Gerund yoki gerundli ibora bilan:
Smoking is not allowed here.
Bu yerda chekishga ruxsat etil-
maydi.
Annette’s being French might up-
set him a little.
Annetning fransuz bo‘lishi uni
ozroq xafa qilishi mumkin edi.
5. Son bilan:
Three were absent from the lecture.
Leksiyada uchta (uch kishi)
yo‘q edi.
The fi rst and fourth stood beside
him in the water.
Ikkinchi va to‘rtinchi uning yo-
nida suvda turardi.
6. Ot vazifasida ishlatilgan istagan so‘z yoki so‘z birikmasi bilan:
«Had» is the Past Tense of the verb
«to have».
«Had» «to have» fe’lining
o‘tgan zamon shakli.
«No» is his usual reply to any re-
spect.
Istagan iltimosga uning javobi
«yo‘q».
257
IT SOXTA EGASI
O‘zbek tilida Qish. Sovuq. kabi shaxsi noma’lum gaplar bor. Ingliz tilida
bunday gaplarga soxta egali gaplar to‘g‘ri keladi. Ingliz tilida gapda ega
bo‘lishi shart bo‘lganligi uchun, o‘zbek tilidagi shaxsi noma’lum gaplar
uchun soxta it egasi olinadi. It olmoshi quyidagi hollarda soxta ega bo‘lib
keladi:
1. Tabiat ko‘rinishlarini tasvirlaganda:
It is winter.
Qish.
It is cold.
Sovuq.
It is getting dark.
Qorong‘u tushyapti.
It was a warm spring day.
Sovuq bahor kuni edi.
2. Ob-havo holatini ifodalovchi fe’llar bilan:
It ofen snows in December.
Dekabrda tez-tez qor yog‘adi.
It has been raining
since three o’clock.
Soat uchdan buyon yomg‘ir
yog‘ayapti.
It was freezing.
Sovuq (ayoz) tushayotgan edi.
3. Vaqtni va masofani aytishda:
It is early morning.
Erta tong.
It is fi ve o’clock.
Soat besh.
It is noon.
Peshin.
It is one kilometer from
our house to the river.
Bizning uyimizdan daryogacha bir
kilometr.
It is not far to the railway
station.
Temir yo‘l vokzaligacha uzoq
emas.
4. Majhul nisbatdagi ba’zi iboralarda ishlatiladi:
It is said …
Aytishlaricha …
It is believed …
Hisoblashlaricha…
It is expected …
Taxmin qilinishicha…
5. Gapning egasi kesimdan keyin kelib infi nitive, gerund yoki ergash
gapdan ifodalanganda ham soxta ega it ishlatiladi:
It was diffi cult to fi nd
a suitable steamer.
Mos paroxodni topish qiyin edi.
It’s no use telling him
about it.
Bu haqda unga aytishning foydasi
yo‘q.
It was clear that he
would not come.
Uning kelmasligi ma’lum edi.
17 — M. G‘apporov
258
IT IS … THAT … BIRIKMASI
1. Agar biror gap bo‘lagiga urg‘u bermoqchi bo‘lsak, shu gap bo‘lagini it
is (was) … that (who, whom) birikmasi orasiga joylashtiramiz. Agar I met his
sister in the park. Men uning singlisini parkda uchratdim gapidagi I egasiga
urg‘u bermoqchi bo‘lsak Ini it was va that orasiga joylashtiramiz:
It was I that (who) met
his sister in the park..
Uning singlisini parkda uchratgan
menman.
2. Agar his sister to‘ldiruvchini ajratib ko‘rsatmoqchi bo‘lsak uni it was
va that (whom)ning orasiga qo‘yamiz:
It was his sister that (whom)
I met in the park.
Uning singlisini men parkda uchrat-
dim.
3. Agar in the park o‘rin holini ajratib ko‘rsatmoqchi bo‘lsak, uni it was
va that orasiga joylashtiramiz:
It was in the park that I met
his sister.
Parkda uning singlisini uchratdim.
4. It is …that birikmasi yordamida ergash gaplarni ham ajratib ko‘r satish
mumkin:
I told him the news after he
had returned from London.
U Londondan qaytib kelganidan
keyin men unga yangilikni aytdim.
It was after he had returned
from London that I told
him the news.
U Londondan qaytib kelganidan
keyin men unga yangilikni ayt-
dim.
5. Until (till) mavjud bo‘lgandagi notli bo‘lishsizliklarning tarjimasiga
e’tibor bering:
We did not receive a letter
from them until (till) May.
Biz ulardan may oyigacha xat
olmadik.
It was not until (till) May that
we received a letter from them.
Biz faqat may oyida ulardan xat
oldik.
She did not learn the truth until
(till) she returned home.
U uyiga qaytib kelmaguncha
haqiqatni bilmadi.
It was not until (till) she returned
home that she learned the truth.
Faqat uyga qaytib kelganidan
keyingina u haqiqatni bildi.
ONE VA THEY EGA VAZIFASIDA
1. Ish-harakatni bajaruvchi noaniq yoki umumlashgan bo‘lsa, one
olmoshi odam, har bir kishi ma’nosida ishlatiladi va ega bo‘lib keladi. One
ko‘pincha modal fe’llar bilan ishlatiladi:
259
One should be careful when
cros sing the road.
Yo‘lni kesib o‘tayotganda (odam)
ehtiyot bo‘lish(i) kerak.
One must always keep
one’s word.
Odam har doim o‘z so‘zida turishi
kerak.
2. Xuddi shunday vazifada they olmoshi ham ishlatiladi. They ko‘pin cha
to say fe’li bilan ishlatiladi:
They say the wheat crop
will be fi ne this year.
Aytishlaricha, bu yil bug‘doy hosili
yaxshi bo‘ladi.
Kesim (The predicate)
1. Kesim sodda va qo‘shma kesimga bo‘linadi. Qo‘shma kesim ham o‘z
navbatida qo‘shma ot-kesim va qo‘shma fe’l-kesimga bo‘linadi:
He learns French (sodda kesim).
U fransuz tilini o‘rganadi.
My father is a doctor (qo‘shma ot-
kesim).
Mening otam — doktor.
I must go there at once (qo‘shma
fe’l-kesim).
Men u yerga zudlik bilan
borishim kerak.
SODDA KESIM
Sodda kesim zamon, nisbat va maylga ega bo‘lgan fe’l bilan ifoda-
lanadi:
She works at a factory.
U zavodda ishlaydi.
He is reading.
U o‘qiyapti.
They will return soon.
Ular tezda qaytishadi.
The goods were loaded
by means of cranes.
Tovarlar kranlar yordamida yuk-
landi.
QO‘SHMA OT-KESIM
Qo‘shma ot-kesim to be bog‘lovchi fe’lining shakli va ot qismdan iborat
bo‘ladi. Kesimning ot qismi uning asosiy ma’nosini ifodalaydi.
Kesimning ot qismi quyidagilardan yasaladi:
1. Otdan.
I am a student.
Men — talabaman.
They are workers.
Ular — ishchilar.
2. Olmoshdan.
It is she.
Bu — u.
This book is yours.
Bu kitob siznikidir.
260
3. Predlogli ot yoki olmosh bilan:
The room is in disorder.
Xona tartibsiz ahvolda.
She was in despair.
U tushkunlikda.
He is against it.
U bunga qarshi.
4. Sifat yoki sifatdoshdan:
The morning was warm.
Tong iliq edi.
The glass is broken.
Stakan siniq.
5. Infi nitivdan:
Your duty is to help them
immediately.
Ularga zudlik bilan yordam berish
sizning burchingiz.
My intention is to go to
London next year.
Mening niyatim kelasi yili London-
ga borish.
Izoh: To be fe’li infi nitiv bilan kelib qo‘shma fe’l-kesim ham bo‘lib keladi va kerak
ma’nosida zaruratni ifodalaydi. Buni to be infi nitiv bilan kelib qo‘shma ot-kesim bo‘lib
kelganidan farqlash kerak:
The task of the agent was to ship the
goods immediately (was to ship
— qo‘shma ot-kesim).
Agentning vazifasi mollarni zudlik bilan
yuklash edi.
The agent was to ship the goods immediately
(was to ship — qo‘shma fe’l-kesim).
Agent mollarni zudlik bilan yuklashi
kerak edi.
6. Gerunddan:
Her greatest pleasure was
trave ling.
Sayohat qilish uning eng sevimli
mashg‘uloti.
7. Qo‘shma kesimlarda to bedan tashqari to become, to grow, to get, to
turn bo‘lmoq ma’nosida, to seem o‘xshamoq, to look ko‘rinmoq ma’nosi da
bog‘lovchi fe’l bo‘lib keladi:
He became a doctor.
U doktor bo‘ldi.
It grew warmer.
Havo ilidi.
He is getting old.
U qariyapti.
She turned pale.
Uning rangi quv o‘chdi (oqardi).
They seemed tired.
Ular charchaganga o‘xshaydilar.
He looks ill.
U kasal ko‘rinadi.
QO‘SHMA FE’L-KESIM
Qo‘shma fe’l-kesim fe’lning shaxs-sonni ifodalagan shakli va infi nitiv
yoki gerunddan yasaladi. Infi nitiv yoki gerund kesimning ma’nosini
beradi, fe’lning shaxs-sonni ifodalagan shakli esa yordamchi fe’l vazifasini
bajaradi.
261
Qo‘shma fe’l-kesim quyidagicha yasaladi:
1. Modal fe’llar va infi nitivdan:
He may return soon.
U tezda qaytib kelishi mumkin.
You must read this book.
Siz bu kitobni o‘qishingiz kerak.
The conference is to open
tomorrow.
Konferensiya ertaga ochilishi kerak.
I have to go there.
Men u yerga borishim kerak.
He can do it.
U buni qila oladi.
2. Infi nitiv yoki gerund va yakka o‘zi to‘liq ma’no bermaydigan to
begin boshlamoq, to continue davom ettirmoq, to fi nish tugatmoq, to like
yoqtirmoq, to want istamoq, to intend niyat qilmoq, to try harakat qil moq,
to avoid qochmoq, to hope umid qilmoq, to promise va‘da bermoq kabi
fe’llardan yasaladi:
She began to translate the article.
U maqolani tarjima qila boshladi.
I have fi nished writing the exercise.
Men mashqni yozishni tugatdim.
He avoided sitting in the sun.
U quyoshda o‘tirishdan qochdi.
3. Qo‘shma fe’l-kesim oldidan bog‘lovchi fe’l kelgan sifat va infi nitiv-
dan, ba’zan gerunddan yasaladi:
I am glad to see you.
Men sizni ko‘rishdan xursand-
man.
He is ready to help her.
U unga yordam berishga tayyor.
This book is worth reading.
Bu kitob o‘qishga arziydi.
THERE IS BIRIKMASIDA KESIM
1. O‘quvchiga hali noma’lum bo‘lgan shaxs yoki buyumning biror joy da
yoki biror vaqtda mavjudligini ifodalash uchun bor, mavjud degan ma’noni
beruvchi there is (are) birikmasi ishlatiladi. There is (are) birik masi gapning
boshida keladi. Undan keyin ega, undan keyin o‘rin va payt hollari keladi.
Bunday gaplar o‘zbek tilida o‘rin yoki payt hollar bilan boshlanadi va bor
deb tugaydi:
There is a telephone in that room.
O‘sha xonada telefon bor.
There are many apple trees in the
garden.
Bog‘da ko‘p olma daraxtlari bor.
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