Industry Agenda Electric Vehicles for

AV penetration 
potential 
Public transport 
system coverage 
Low 
High 
Low 
High 
Non dispatchable 
Dispatchable 
Centralized 
Decentralized 
Owned 
Shared 
Low 
High 
Limited 
Excellent 
Low 
High 

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26
Electric Vehicles for Smarter Cities: The Future of Energy and Mobility
Figure 19: 
Value calculation methodology 
Note to Design Team
: Typos corrected and reworked after comments.
To be sent to appendix, as d. Value calculation methodology 
Energy 
Smart demand 
Based on electricity prices in California and Northeast US 
energy markets (CAISO and PJM) and the load optimization, 
applied to mileage 
Capacity 
Environment 
CO
2
emissions 
•
Emission efficiency improvement x mileage x $/CO
2
•
$/CO
2
forecasts based on new electric generation mix 
•
Air pollution benefits also included: welfare and labor 
savings 
Additional emission savings (curtailment 
through smart loading) 
Based on California and Northeast US energy future energy 
curtailment (CAISO and PJM) and the load optimization, 
applied to mileage 
Mobility 
Operating costs 
•
(EV vs. ICE cost / mile) x EV mileage 
•
(AV vs. mobility-as-a-service with driver cost / mile) x AV 
mileage 
•
Based on forecasted cost per mile 
Other 
Health 
Accident and fatality 
(current LDV stock – forecasted LDV stock) x # accidents per 
vehicle x cost per accident 
Congestion 
Productivity 
•
Cost without mobility-as-a-service / AV – cost with mobility-
as-a-service / AV 
•
Based on forecasted $/VMT; ratio 1:2 for mobility-as-a-
service and AV