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Streaming/tracking The practice of dividing learners according to their perceived abilities. Learners are placed on a particular track or stream (e.g. general, vocational, remedial) and given a curriculum that varies according to their perceived abilities and future positions in life. At the primary level, the practice is often called grouping. Advocates argue that it makes instruction more efficient and provides learners with instruction adapted to their abilities and previous knowledge. Critics argue that it deprives learners of equal opportunity, unfairly and inaccurately labels some learners, and perpetuates inequalities. (Adapted from: ASCD).
	Subject/subject area A branch of knowledge organized as a discrete learning discipline and taught in a systemic way over time. Other terms often used interchangeably include teaching subject, academic subject, academic discipline, and study area.
	Summative assessment Assessment of learner’s achievement at the end of a term, stage, course or programme usually, although not necessarily, involving formal testing or examinations. Summative assessment is most commonly used for ranking, grading and/or promoting students, and for certification purposes. See also ‘Assessment of learning’.