years. This current wave of financial globalization was urged by liberalization of capital
controls in many of developing countries and transition economies, in anticipation of the
benefits that cross-border flows would bring in terms of better global allocation of capital and
improved international risk-sharing possibilities. With the surge in financial flows, however,
came a spate of currency and financial crises.
integration can also be dangerous, as it has been witnessed in many past and recent financial,
All these developments have provoked an intense debate among both academics and
economists consider increasing financial liberalization and unrestrained capital flows as a
serious hazard to global financial stability (e.g., D. Rodrik, 1998; J. Bhagwati, 1998; J.
Stiglitz, 2002) and dispute its utility for reasons of provoking the generation and propagation
of serious financial crises. Thus, these economists call for maintenance of capital controls and
the imposition of frictions, such as “Tobin taxes”, on international asset trade.
3
Others
2
argue that free movements of international capital can encourage a relatively
more efficient allocation of economic resources, offer good risk diversification opportunities
and help to promote financial development (S. Fischer, 1998, M. Obstfeld and K. Rogoff,
1998, M. Klein and G. Olivei, 1999, L. Summers, 2000, B. Eichengreen, 2001).
This debate has become more polarised over time and deeply intensified nowadays
with the actual economic crisis, which currently threatens countries’ economic security all
around the globe. The impact of this crisis has already been felt across the global financial
system.
“The reasons of this crisis are varied and complex. In fact, it was the product of a
“perfect storm” bringing together a number of microeconomic and macroeconomic
pathologies” (W.H. Buiter, 2008). In its “Declaration of the Summit on Financial Markets and
the World Economy,” dated November 15, 2008, leaders of the G-20 cited the following
causes: “During a period of strong global growth, growing capital flows, and prolonged
stability earlier this decade, market participants sought higher yields without an adequate
appreciation of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence. At the same time, weak
underwriting standards, unsound risk management practices, increasingly complex and
opaque financial products, and consequent excessive leverage combined to create
vulnerabilities in the system. Policy-makers, regulators and supervisors, in some advanced
countries, did not adequately appreciate and address the risks building up in financial
markets, keep pace with financial innovation, or take into account the systemic ramifications
of domestic regulatory actions."
In fact, vulnerability of countries to exogenous financial shocks caused by current
economic crisis highly depends to which extend the country is integrated into the world
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