Introduction.
The current financial crisis born in the U.S financial and banking system, two years
ago, is considered to be the starting point of the largest and the deepest worldwide (financial
and economic) shock since the Great 1929’s Depression, if one considers its double impact on
both worldwide financial system and global economy (IMF, 2008). Indeed, the reversal of the
housing boom in the United States of America, in winter 2006-2007, has spread quickly and
apparently unpredictably. On the one hand, there were important spillovers that inflicted a
dramatic damage on financial markets and institutions across national and then global
financial system; and, on the other hand, this financial crisis dragged the US and other major
industrialized economies into recession and has already spread to emerging and transition
countries, and is attaining today the rest of developing world.
This large double propagation of the crisis, financial and economic, threats today
many countries and provokes two types of risks – internal and external. Internal economic
risk can lead to a deep real economy collapse, which can also result in increasing risks of
social conflicts because of raise in inequalities and poverty. The external one can take a form
of sudden stops of foreign capital inflows into the host country and also a form of a State’s
bankruptcy caused by the insolvency of foreign public debt. All these issues raise the question
of a new and accurate definition of what is called “economic security” for a country.
Economic security is not a new concern of governments as well as of academics
.
“Economic instruments have long been part of the toolkit of statecraft, a means to influence
other states and their policies.
In the traditional view, economic security was security from
manipulation by other governments (neighbors or economic partners) that wielded these
instruments”, and “economic interdependence was viewed with wariness, particularly among
developing countries, because it risked an increase in such vulnerability” (M. Kahler, 2004).
However, after WWII, industrialized countries gradually overcame their anxieties over
economic vulnerability. For instance, the basic reason of foundation of the Common Market
in 1957 among six West-European countries was the willingness of these countries to reject
The preliminary version of this paper “Impacts of world economic crisis on financial sector stability and
economic security of countries” was presented at the II Astana Economic Forum on March 12, 2009 in Astana,
Kazakhstan.
1
University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Research Center in Macrodynamics and International Finance (CEMAFI).
E-mail:
berthomi@unice.fr
.
2
the three quarters of century dedicated to wars and hostility between them, and, notably, to
insure their food autonomy and to build a modern self sufficient industrial system.
Forty years
later, after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods’ fixed exchange rates system, the
establishment of the Euro monetary area was also based on the wish to escape the exchange
rates volatility among European currencies.
These two steps of creation of new regional institutions in the Western Europe can be
considered as an example of how to react to new perceived sources of economic insecurity
that nations facing in the today’s globalized world.
Liberalization and contemporary
globalization (in other words, integration at the worldwide level that is no longer limited to
industrialized economies but concerns at least two tiers of countries, through their adherence
to multilateral and international institutions like IMF, World Bank and WTO) have
accentuated the necessity to redefine what we call “economic security”, compared to the old
definition mentioned above.
Besides some advantages of commercial and financial liberalization, globalization has
produced two types of unwanted transmission across national borders: illicit flows implied by
illicit cross-borders activities and, more important, largely financial but also real economic
shocks, both phenomenon which embodies new security type of threats (D. Rodrik, 1997).
However, this article will be focused only on the legal flows transmitting financial and real
economic shocks, as well as on their nature and effects. In this paper we expose main
channels through which the current worldwide economic crisis affects the economic security
of countries through the financial sector
(Section I), as well as through the real sector
(Section II). The easiest way for these analyses is to proceed from the basic components of the
capital account and current account of the Balance of payments, which describe the flows
through which an (or a national) economy is in contact with the rest of the world.
Finally,
Section III develops the question of the quality of institutions (local, international or
multilateral institutions and, probably more important, the regional ones) and their ability to
insure the new “economic security” implied by globalization. We will conclude by giving
some suggestions concerning functioning of different level institutions in order to preserve
economic security. The case of East-European and/or Central Asia countries will be kept in
mind in these developments.
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