Early Effect: Common Base Input Characteristic
I
E
I
F
0
(
e
qV
EB
/
kT
1)
R
I
R
0
(
e
qV
CB
/
kT
1)
Ebers-Moll
Assuming
–V
CB
> few kT/q and W/L
B
<<
1
W
cosh
D
E
D
B
D
B
L
B
I
F
0
qA
n
E
0
p
B
0
qA
p
B
0
L
E
L
B
W
W
sinh
L
B
I
E
I
F
0
e
qV
EB
/
kT
qA
D
W
B
p
B
0
e
qV
EB
/
kT
•
Exponential prefactor will increase as V
CB
increases (W decreases)
Early Effect: Common Emitter Output Characteristic
I
C
dc
I
B
I
CE
0
dc
1
1
W
2
D W N
B
E
D
B
L
E
N
E
2
L
B
W
eff
W
CB
W
W
EB
Base
W
CB
Base
W
W
CB
Base
2
K
S
0
N
A
N
D
1
2
V
V
q
N
D
N
A
bi
CB
N
C
W
x
W
CB
Base
n
Base
N
C
N
B
• If N
C
<< N
B
most of the depletion is in the collector and modulation of
base width is minimized
– reduced Early Effect
Avalanche Multiplication Breakdown
•
Common Base
: Similar
to single p-n junction V
CB0
?
V
BD
(B-C)
•
Common Emitter
: more complicated
1. holes injected by FB emitter to base
2. holes generate e-p pairs in C-B depletion
3. e
-
drift back into base
4. e
-
injected to emitter
5. more holes into base…..
Transistor breakdown
Transistor breakdown mechanism:
Avalanche breakdown
: avalanche multiplication mechanism takes place
at
CBJ or EBJ
Base punch-through effect
: the base width reduces to zero at high CBJ
reverse bias
In CB configuration,
BV
CBO
is
defined at
i
E
= 0.
The breakdown voltage is smaller than
BV
CBO
for
i
E
> 0.
In CE configuration,
BV
CEO
is defined at
i
B
=0.
The breakdown voltage is smaller than
BV
CEO
for
i
B
> 0.
Typically,
BV
CEO
is about half of
BV
CBO
.
Breakdown of the BCJ is not destructive as long as the power dissipation is
kept within safe limits
Breakdown of the EBJ is destructive because it will cause permanent
degradation of Beta
Transistor Biasing
The basic function of transistor is amplification. The process of raising the strength of
weak signal without any change in its general shape is referred as faithful
amplification. For faithful amplification it is essential that:-
1. Emitter-Base junction is
forward biased
2. Collector- Base junction is reversed biased
3. Proper zero signal collector current
The proper flow of zero signal collector current and the maintenance of
proper collector emitter voltage during the passage of signal is called
transistor biasing.
WHY BIASING?
If the transistor
is not biased properly, it would work inefficiently and
produce distortion in output signal.
HOW A TRANSISTOR CAN BE BIASED?
A transistor is biased either with the help of battery or associating a circuit
with the transistor. The later method is more efficient and is frequently used. The
circuit used for transistor biasing is called the biasing circuit.
BIAS STABILITY
Through proper biasing, a desired quiescent operating point of the transistor
amplifier in the active region (linear region) of the characteristics is obtained. It
is desired that once selected the operating point should remain stable. The
maintenance of operating point stable is called Stabilisation.
The selection of a proper quiescent point generally depends on the following
factors:
(a) The amplitude of the signal to be handled by the amplifier and
distortion level
in signal
(b) The load to which the amplifier is to work for a corresponding
supply voltage
(c) The operating point of a transistor amplifier shifts mainly with changes
in temperature, since the transistor parameters
—
β, I
CO
and V
BE
(where the symbols carry their usual meaning)
—are functions of
temperature.