10.6. M oddalar almashinuvi kasalliklari
M oddalar alm ashinuvi -
o r g a n iz m g a t a s h q a r i d a n k ira d ig a n
m o d d a l a r n in g k im y o v iy j i h a t d a n o ‘zgarishi y i g l n d i s i . Bu m o d d a -
la rn in g h u ja y ra la rd a o ‘zgarishi o r g a n iz m n in g b a r c h a funksiyalari
a m a lg a oshishi u c h u n z a r u r b o l g a n e n e rg iy a hosil b o ‘lishiga olib
keladi. M o d d a l a r a l m a s h in u v i j a r a y o n i o r g a n iz m g a t a s h q a r id a n
k irgan t u r l i - t u m a n o r g a n ik va a n o r g a n ik b i r ik m a la r n in g p a r c h a -
lanishi ( h a z m b o i i s h i ) , o ‘zgarishi va b u n in g o q ib a tid a hosil b o l g a n
m a h s u l o t la r n i n g ta s h q a r ig a c h iq a r ilis h id a n iborat.
M o d d a l a r a lm a s h in u v i b ir-b irig a q a r a m a - q a r s h i , lek in o ‘z a ro
b o g l a n g a n ikki xil f e r m e n ta tiv j a r a y o n l a r , y a ’ni assim ila tsiy a va
dissimilatsiya y ig ln d is id a n tashkil topgan. Assimilatsiya va a n a b o liz m
j a r a y o n i e n e r g iy a n in g yutilishi b ila n b o g l i q b o l i b , o rg a n iz m g a
ta s h q i m u h i t d a n k ira d ig a n m o d d a l a r n in g h u ja y ra la r t o m o n i d a n
o ‘zlashtirilishiga va u larning q ay ta ishlanishiga olib keladi. Dissim ila
tsiya yoki k a ta b o liz m d a hujayraga ta s h q a r id a n kirgan yoki o rg a n iz m
h u j a y r a l a r i t a r k i b i d a g i m o d d a l a r n i n g p a r c h a l a n i s h i n a t i j a s i d a
en ergiya hosil b o i a d i .
O z iq - o v q a t va b o s h q a m o d d a l a r n i n g p a r c h a l a n i s h i d a n hosil
b o l g a n e n e rg iy a h a y o t faoliyati n in g b a r c h a j a r a y o n l a r i d a , y a ’ni
m u s k u lla r qisq arish i n e rv im p u lsla r in i o ‘tk a z is h , g a v d a h a r o r a tin i
b ir m e ’y o r d a saqlab tu rish , s in te z n in g x ilm a -xil ja r a y o n la r i, surilish
va sekretsiya j a r a y o n la r i, h u ja y ra m e m b r a n a s i n in g ikki t o m o n l a m a
o r g a n ik h a m d a a n o r g a n i k io n la r n in g fiziologik k o n s e n tra ts iy a sin i
sa q la b tu rish i u c h u n s a r f b o i a d i .
O q s illa r o r g a n iz m d a , a s o s a n , t u z u v c h i (p lastik ) m a te r ia l sifa
tid a , u g le v o d la r va y o g l a r esa sarfla n g a n e n e rg iy a o l rn in i q o p la s h
296
u c h u n ishlatiladi. U g le v o d la r o r g a n iz m d a asosiy e n e rg iy a m a n b a y i
hisoblanadi.
T u r l i o z i q m o d d a l a r n i n g o r g a n i z m g a k i r g a n p a y t i d a n , to
k era k siz m o d d a l a r hosil b oM guncha va ta s h q a r ig a c h i q a r ilg u n c h a
o ‘z g a r i s h j a r a y o n l a r i y i g ‘in d is i o r a l i q m o d d a l a r va e n e r g i y a
a l m a s h i n u v i yoki m e t a b o l i z m d e b a ta la d i. O r a liq m o d d a l a r va
e n e r g i y a a l m a s h i n u v i s h a r t l i r a v i s h d a q u y i d a g i b o s q i c h l a r g a
b o ‘lin a d i:
1. O v q a t h a z m b o i i s h i - m e ’d a - i c h a k y o l i d a h a z m fe rm en tlari
(p e p s in , trip s in , x im o tr e p s in va b o s h q .) t a ’sirid a p a r c h a la n is h i.
2. H a z m b o l g a n oziq m o d d a la r n in g m e ’d a - ic h a k y o l i d a n q o n g a
s o ‘rilib, turli o r g a n va t o ‘q im a la r g a yetkazilishi.
3. O v q a t h a z m qilish j a r a y o n i d a hosil boMgan m o d d a l a r n in g
h u ja y ra va t o ‘q i m a m o d d a l a r g a a y lan ish i va s h u o rg a n iz m g a xos
b ir i k m a l a r hosil b o i i s h i (b io sin tez).
4. Bu b i r ik m a la r n in g p a r c h a l a n i b , o ra liq va oxirgi a lm a s h in u v
m a h s u lo tla r i hosil b o i i s h i .
5. O r g a n i z m d a oxirgi a lm a s h in u v m a h s u lo tla r in in g chiqarilishi.
O r g a n i z m g a o v q a t b i l a n k ir g a n j u d a k o ‘p m a h s u l o t l a r d a n
m o d d a l a r a lm a s h in u v i n atijasid a asosiy e n e r g e tik a h a m i y a tg a ega
b o l g a n u c h b irik m a :
A
a s e tilk o f e r m e n ti, a - k e t o g l u t a r va o k sa la t-
s irk a kislo ta la ri hosil b o i a d i . P a r c h a l a n i s h j a r a y o n i n i n g oxirgi
m a h s u lo tla r i (u g le k islo ta la r, suv, m o c h e v i n a va b o s h q .) , o d a td a ,
turli xil f e r m e n ta tiv j a r a y o n l a r n a tija sid a v u ju d g a keladi.
M o d d a l a r a lm a s h in u v i j a r a y o n i d a v ita m in la r, suv va turli m i n e
ral m o d d a l a r ( n a tr iy , kaliy, k alsiy, fo sfo r), s h u n i n g d e k , q a t o r
m i k r o e l e m e n t l a r - m a g n iy , m a r g a n e s , rux, m o l ib d e n , ftor, kobalt
va b o s h q a a n o r g a n ik b irik m a la r k a tta a h a m iy a tg a ega. Bu m o d d a l a r
h u ja y ra la rd a g i b io e le k trik (n e rv im p u lsin i o l k a z i s h ) va o s m a tik
j a r a y o n l a r d a q a t n a s h a d i , tish la r, s u y a k la r ta rk ib ig a kiradi. U l a r
k o ‘p i n c h a f e r m e n t l a r va n afas p ig m e n tla r i ( m a s a la n , g e m o g l o -
b i n ) n i n g t a ’sir k o ‘rsatishi u c h u n z a r u r m o d d a la r d ir .
O d a m v a h a y v o n l a r d a m o d d a a l m a s h i n u v i n i b o s h q a r i s h d a
f e r m e n ta tiv re a k s iy a la rn in g n e r v - g o r m o n a l b o sh q a rilish i y e ta k c h i
rol o ‘ynaydi. M asa la n , q o n d a q a n d m iq d o ri a n c h a kam ay ib k etg an d a
g lik o g e n p a r c h a la n is h i va g lu k o z a hosil b o l i s h i n i te z la sh tiru v c h i
f e r m e n ta tiv m e x a n iz m la r g a t a ’sir e ta d ig a n a d r e n a l i n n i n g ajralishi
k ucha yadi. Q o n d a q a n d o rtiq c h a b o l g a n d a , insulin ishlanib chiqishi
297
te z la s h a d i, b u jig a r d a g lik o g e n p a r c h a l a n i s h i n i t o ‘x ta tib q o ‘y adi,
o q ib a td a g lu k o z a n in g q o n g a tush ish i k a m a y a d i.
M a r k a z iy va v e ge ta tiv n e rv siste m asi m o d d a l a r a lm a s h in u v i-
n in g nerv orq a li b o s h q a r ilis h in i t a ’m in la y d i. Bu j a r a y o n b evosita
(tro fik t a ’sir) yoki ichki sek retsiy a b ezlari a jra ta d ig a n g o r m o n l a r
o rq a li a m a lg a o shiriladi.
O d a m n i n g h a r q a n d a y kasalligi m o d d a va e n e rg iy a a lm a s h i-
n u v in in g iz d a n ch iq ish i b ila n k e c h a d i, b u a y n iq sa , nerv sistem asi
fu n k s iy a la r i va ich k i s e k r e ts iy a b e z la ri b u z i l i s h la r i d a r o ‘y - r o s t
n a m o y o n b o ‘ladi. M o d d a alm ashinuvi n o t o ‘g ‘ri o v q atlan g a n d a (ovqat
o r tiq c h a , k a m b o ‘lg a n d a yoki sifat j i h a t id a n t o l a q i m m a tli ЬоЧ-
m a g a n d a ) buziladi.
O k sid lan ish ja ra y o n la ri tezligining o ‘zgarishiga sab a b boMadigan
m o d d a la r va energiya alm ashinuvidagi u m u m iy b uzilishning belgilari
asosiy a lm a s h in u v d a g i o ‘z g a ris h la r h iso b la n a d i. N o r m a d a asosiy
a lm a s h in u v b ir k e c h a - k u n d u z d a 1600— 1700 k kal.ni tash k il e tadi.
OgMr jis m o n i y m e h n a t b ila n s h u g ‘u lla n u v c h ila r d a u b ir k e c h a -
k u n d u z d a 5000 k k al.g ach a yetadi.
Q a lq o n s i m o n b e z fu n k siy a sin in g k u c h a y is h ig a a l o q a d o r k asal-
la rd a asosiy a l m a s h i n u v o rtib , u s h b u b e z funksiyasi y e tis h m o v -
c h ilig id a p a y d o boMgan k asalliklarda, s h u n i n g d e k , g ipofiz, b u y r a k
usti bez la ri, jin siy b e z la r funksiyasi s u s a y g a n d a va u m u m a n , o c h
q o l g a n d a pasa y ib ketadi. O qsil, y o g ‘, u g lev o d , m i n e r a ll a r va suv-
t u z a l m a s h in u v in in g buzilishi farq qilin a d i. L e k in m o d d a l a r a l m a -
s h in u v in in g h a m m a xili b ir-b iri b ila n uzviy bogM angan boMib, b u
boMinish shartlidir.
M o d d a l a r va e n e r g iy a a l m a s h i n u v i n i n g i z d a n c h iq is h i tu rli
b i r i k m a l a r o ‘z a r o t a ’siri v a b o s h q a m o d d a l a r g a a y l a n i s h i n i n g
o ‘zgarishi, m e t a b o l i z m o ra liq m a h s u lo tla r n in g k o ‘p ro q t o ‘p lanishi,
u la rn in g c h a la yoki h a d d a n o r tiq m i q d o r d a ajralishi va n o r m a l
o rg a n iz m g a yot boMgan m o d d a l a r hosil boMishiga olib k elad ig a n
turli j a r a y o n l a r n i n g n o t o ‘g ‘ri borish i bilan n a m o y o n boMadi. M o d
d a la r va energiya a lm a sh in u v i buzilishiga gaz alm ash in u v i tekshirilib,
o rg a n iz m g a tu s h g a n m o d d a l a r m iq d o ri b ilan u n d a n c h iq ib k etg a n
m i q d o r o ‘rtasid ag i n isb a tg a q a r a b , q o n , siydik va b o s h q a la r n in g
k im y o v iy ta rk ib in i a n iq la b tu r ib tash x is q o ‘yiladi. M o d d a l a r va
e n e rg iy a a l m a s h in u v in in g b u z ilis h in i d a v o la s h , a s o s a n , u n i keltirib
c h iq a r g a n sa b a b la rin i b a r t a r a f e t i s h d a n yoki m o d d a va e n e rg iy a
a lm ash in u v in in g izdan chiqishi bilan birga oMadigan asosiy kasallikka
d a v o q ilis h d a n iborat.
298
10.7. Qandli diabet
Q a n d li d ia b e t m e ’d ao sti bezi g o r m o n i — in s u lin n in g y e ta r lic h a
ish la n ib c h iq m a s lig ig a a l o q a d o r kasallikdir, b u n d a o r g a n iz m n in g
g lu k o z a n i t o ‘p lash v a y o n d iris h xususiyati y o ‘q o lad i. S h u tufayli,
fo y d a la n ilm a g a n q a n d q o n d a y i g i l i b , g ip e rg lik e m iy a y u z b eradi.
S o ‘ngra q a n d q o n d a n siydikka tu s h ib , g lik o z u riy a r o ‘y b eradi.
S o g 'lo m h o ld a in so n o r g a n iz m id a 40 Т В insulin boMishi kerak,
s h u n d a g i n a 40 0 g u g lev o d , 110 g y o g 1, 105 g oqsil sin g d irish n i
t a 'm i n l a y d i . H o z irg i v a q t d a h a r b ir 100 k is h id a n 1— 2 tasi b e m o r
hisoblanadi.
K o 'p r o q 4 0 — 60 y o sh d a g i k ish ila rd a u c h r a y d i. Y o sh b o la la r
h a m kasallanadi. M a ’lu m o tla rg a q a r a g a n d a , 100 y a s h a r qari kishilar
va e n d i t u g i l g a n c h a q a l o q l a r d a h a m kasallik a n iq la n g a n . Kasallik
yosh tan lam ay d i. A yollar erkaklarga nisb atan k o ‘p ro q xastalanishadi.
A b u Ali Ibn S in o siy d ik d a q a n d borligini h a m d a q a n d li d ia b e t
x asta lig in in g b elgilarini a ytib o 'tg a n .
D ia b e t s o ‘zi «yorib o 'tis h » m a ’n o sin i a n g la ta d i. Bu kasallikni
Sels d eg a n o h m birinchi m a rta aniqlagan. R us shifokori A.S. Sobolev
1 9 0 1 -y ild a m e ’d a o s ti b e z i L a n g e r g a n s o r o l c h a l a r i d a n is h la n ib
c h i q a d ig a n m o d d a n i n g q o n d a g i q a n d m iq d o r in i id o ra e tis h d a j u d a
m u h i m a h a m i y a tg a eg a e k a n lig in i h a m d a o ‘s h a o r o l c h a l a r n i n g
y e m irilish i q a n d li d ia b e t p a y d o b o ‘lishiga olib kelishini k o T s a tib
o ‘tdi. K a n a d a l i k o l i m l a r d a n B a n tin g b ila n Best 1921-yili d ia b e tg a
q a r s h i m o d d a — in su lin n i k a s h f e tib , h a y v o n l a r n i n g m e ’d ao sti
b e z id a n s h u m o d d a n i ajra tib olishdi.
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