77
•
Political issues. Both clusters are also confronted with political issues. Information
relating to protection, for example, is highly sensitive. Humanitarian actors
are therefore often reluctant to share relevant information, especially when
representatives of the military participate in meetings and when the Protection
Cluster lead organization has close links to peacekeeping missions or UN missions
with a political mandate. This is despite the fact that UNHCR as cluster lead
organization has internal data protection and confidentiality guidelines. Similar
issues can arise in the context of the Early Recovery Cluster, when UNDP as
cluster lead organization has strong links to governments that are actively involved
in conflicts or to integrated missions and peacekeeping forces.
135
The need for a Food Security Cluster. With an increasing overlap or convergence
between the mandates of the leading organizations in food aid and agriculture,
WFP and FAO, the option of creating a Food Security Cluster has been hotly
debated at the global level for some time. Evidence from the country case
studies conducted for this evaluation suggests that such a cluster integrating the
Agriculture Cluster should be created. In several countries (Uganda and DRC, as
well as potentially Chad), combined clusters were created for food security and
agricultural livelihoods with very positive results. In countries where clusters for
food aid and agriculture existed side-by-side, by contrast, serious implementation
problems emerged (e.g. in Haiti and Myanmar). A merger of food and agriculture
issues can help strengthen the early recovery perspective of local food aid
clusters.
136
Institutional problems of the Emergency Telecommunications Cluster. The Emergency
Telecommunications Cluster has a tripartite leadership arrangement between
OCHA (process owner), WFP (security telecommunications) and UNICEF (data
transmission), which has led to confusion.
71
Moreover, the cluster has increasingly
interpreted its role as that of a “provider of first resort” with WFP raising funds and
providing equipment as the default option. While the quick provision of services
has been helpful in some contexts, it has exacerbated tensions in the global cluster
as it has been perceived as leading to a duplication of efforts.
72
137
The experiences with the cluster approach demonstrate that reforms implemented
mainly by improving means and processes cannot address more fundamental
issues, such as a lack of expertise or institutional turf wars and cannot replace
essential political decisions.
71 Similarly, phase 1 of the evaluation found that “the current [tripartite] leadership
model constitutes a
problem”. Stoddard, Harmer et al (2007), p. 31.
72 Cf. Emergency Telecommunications
Cluster meeting minutes, 9/10/2009, Geneva.
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