76
resources. In practice, most lead organizations adopt this latter part of their
responsibility and act as “advocates of last resort”. While acknowledging these
constraints, it is important not to lose sight of the original meaning of the concept
of provider of last resort for the further development of the cluster approach. Its
implementation would be more realistic if all lead organizations had flexible
internal emergency budget lines or pre-positioned emergency stocks or if clusters
could draw more systematically on global and country-level pooled funds to
strategically fill identified priority gaps.
68
134
Systemic obstacles to the functioning of the Early Recovery and Protection Clusters.
The performance of individual clusters varies significantly within and among
countries.
69
Irrespective of their efforts to address the issues mentioned in chapters
4-6, however, the Early Recovery Cluster and the Protection Cluster (the main
cluster, not necessarily its sub-clusters) face systemic challenges that hamper their
ability to work effectively:
•
Mandate problems. Both clusters are systematically caught up in time-consuming
and often irresolvable debates concerning their scope and mandate. In the case of
protection, the global Protection Cluster Working Group developed a common
definition of protection. Despite this effort, humanitarian actors at country and
local levels work with different and conflicting definitions and modes of action
(ranging from advocacy to military intervention) concerning protection due to
differences in their mandates and experiences. As a result, disagreements on
which issues the Protection Cluster should deal with are often inevitable and
cluster members return to the debate of what is protection over and over again.
For early recovery,
70
broad agreement exists on early recovery as a crucial cross-
cutting issue requiring increased mainstreaming efforts. At country and sub-
national level, however, early recovery is also often implemented as a cluster
addressing gaps left by the other clusters, such as governance, livelihoods,
environment, infrastructure etc. The cluster activities have tended to deflect
attention away from the advisory role on early recovery. Moreover, addressing
the resulting laundry list of gap issues through a cluster rather than specific
ad hoc task forces is difficult because they can involve very different actors
depending on the issue, can create overlaps with the work of other clusters and
raise questions concerning the mandate of the Early Recovery Cluster.
•
Lack of expertise. The mandate problems in Early Recovery and Protection
are exacerbated by the fact that few other actors at field level have relevant
knowledge and expertise relating to these issues.
68 Cf. Cosgrave at al. (2007), p. 40
69 Cf. overview of cluster performance ratings in Annex 2.
70 For an overview of conceptual problems relating to early recovery, see for example Bailey and Pavanello (2009).
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