3 Background
3.1 Humanitarian reform and the cluster approach
15
In 2004, UN Emergency Response Coordinator Jan Egeland commissioned a
review of the international humanitarian system.
14
It identified major gaps in several
areas of humanitarian response, as well as problems of coordination, especially
between the UN, the Red Cross Movement and NGOs. The cluster approach was
introduced as part of the reform efforts to address these challenges. It is a system
under which UN agencies are designated as “lead agencies” for all major areas of
humanitarian response. Lead agencies are responsible for strengthening system-
wide preparedness and technical capacity and ensuring predictable leadership,
accountability and partnership. Lead agencies convene coordination meetings
at global and country level and are supposed to act as “providers of last resort”
where gaps arise in the response.
16
I t is hard to pin down exactly how the cluster approach was or is intended to work.
While the definition is much clearer now than in 2005/6, the cluster approach
continues to evolve and humanitarian actors hold different opinions concerning
its specific objectives and modes of implementation. Before this evaluation started,
OCHA, in cooperation with cluster lead agencies and a multi-stakeholder steering
committee, for the first time developed a “logic model” for the cluster approach.
15
It
identified predictable leadership, partnership & cohesiveness and accountability as
outputs; gaps filled and greater coverage, as well as ownership and connectedness
as outcomes; humanitarian response according to standards as intermediate effects;
and improved overall humanitarian conditions and well being of beneficiary
populations as the desired long-term impact of cluster activities.
17
In practice, clusters were introduced for nine areas of response and two service
areas. Additionally, four relevant cross-cutting issues were identified (see box 1).
Cluster lead agencies, in some cases together with a non-UN “co-lead”, convene
interested parties at the global level to develop surge capacities, stocks, technical
guidance, trainings, tools and operational support. In emergencies where the
cluster approach has been implemented, a lead organization (often, but not
necessarily the same as the global lead organization) is designated, which organizes
meetings at the national, in most cases at the sub-national and sometimes also at
the provincial level (see illustration 2). These clusters usually meet regularly – on
a daily, weekly, monthly or quarterly basis, depending on the intensity of the crisis
–, share information and provide mutual feedback among members, create cluster
strategies and work plans, contribute to the preparation of major funding appeals,
14 Adinolfi, Bassiouni et al. (2005)
15 See chapter 7.
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