40
Clusters support CAPs and
Flash Appeals
“Where [interaction with
funding mechanisms] hasn’t
been handled well, this has
caused a lot of problems in
the relationship of agencies
within the cluster. In areas
where it’s worked better, this
has brought the agencies
more together. (Survey
Participant)
Ambivalent interactions
between clusters and
pooled funds
Problems of the CERF
very actively involved in preparing appeals and often in vetting proposals. As a
result, the quality and coherence of appeals has increased. By the same token,
this process provides strong incentives for clusters to develop strategies and work
plans, as well as indicators and sometimes even monitoring systems. This strong
mutual relationship, however, also contains the risk of distracting attention away
from other, more direct and operational common activities. Moreover, donor
preferences result in funding trends in CAP and Flash Appeals that typically favor
large international organizations over smaller and more local ones. This leads to
disappointment among many NGOs and reinforces their financial dependence on
UN agencies.
53
Interactions with
pooled funds depend on the type of fund used and range
from moderately positive to highly ambivalent. Of the case study countries,
only DRC receives a significant share of its funding through a pooled fund, a
Common Humanitarian Fund (CHF),
37
which is linked to the CAP and open
to all humanitarian actors, including national organizations. Here, the clusters
were first given an active role in deciding on the allocation of funds. On the one
hand, this provided clusters with financial resources to implement commonly
developed strategies and thus empowered them. On the other hand, this poisoned
the atmosphere within clusters and led to horse-trading between organizations, at
times deteriorating the quality of projects receiving funds. Under the new system
in DRC, clusters are only involved in setting priorities and defining criteria for
allocation decisions, not in making these decisions directly. Also under this
model, however, it is difficult to fund multidimensional projects. Other country-
level pooled funds like Humanitarian Response Funds (HRFs), Emergency
Response Funds (ERFs) or Humanitarian Emergency Response Funds (HERFs)
are much smaller and typically only used to respond to unforeseen needs outside
the CAP.
38
In the case study countries, these funds were often used by individual
organizations, and only sometimes to fill critical cluster gaps.
54
UN agencies in many of the case study countries also appealed to the Central
Emergency Response Fund (CERF), a global pooled fund. Only UN agencies
can receive funds through the CERF, but most of them work through partners.
Through the cluster approach, cluster members are increasingly becoming involved
in preparing CERF requests, which is a positive trend. Interview partners in the
case study countries also emphasized, however, that there are often significant
delays in the transfer of funds between UN agencies and their NGO partners and
that the source of these funds often remains unclear to NGO partners. NGOs
therefore frequently demand direct access to the CERF or similar mechanisms to
diminish their financial dependence on UN agencies.
39
37 CHFs are also used in Sudan and the Central African Republic.
38 EFRs, HRFs or HERFs are managed by OCHA and currently used in Afghanistan, Columbia, DRC,
Ethiopia, Haiti, Indonesia, Iraq, Kenya, Myanmar, Nepal, the oPt, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Zimbabwe.
39 Cf. Cosgrave et al. (2007), p. 40.
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