Iasc cluster approach evaluation, 2nd phase april 2010



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Cluster Approach Evaluation 2

Executive Summary
Introduction
Method
Background
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations


40
Clusters support CAPs and 
Flash Appeals
 “Where [interaction with 
funding mechanisms] hasn’t 
been handled well, this has 
caused a lot of problems in 
the relationship of agencies 
within the cluster. In areas 
where it’s worked better, this 
has brought the agencies 
more together. (Survey 
Participant)
Ambivalent interactions 
between clusters and  
pooled funds
Problems of the CERF
very actively involved in preparing appeals and often in vetting proposals. As a 
result,  the  quality  and  coherence  of  appeals  has  increased.  By  the  same  token, 
this process provides strong incentives for clusters to develop strategies and work 
plans, as well as indicators and sometimes even monitoring systems. This strong 
mutual relationship, however, also contains the risk of distracting attention away 
from  other,  more  direct  and  operational  common  activities.  Moreover,  donor 
preferences result in funding trends in CAP and Flash Appeals that typically favor 
large international organizations over smaller and more local ones. This leads to 
disappointment among many NGOs and reinforces their financial dependence on 
UN agencies. 
53
   Interactions  with  pooled  funds  depend  on  the  type  of  fund  used  and  range 
from  moderately  positive  to  highly  ambivalent.  Of  the  case  study  countries, 
only  DRC  receives  a  significant  share  of  its  funding  through  a  pooled  fund,  a 
Common  Humanitarian  Fund  (CHF),
37
  which  is  linked  to  the  CAP  and  open 
to all humanitarian actors, including national organizations. Here, the clusters 
were first given an active role in deciding on the allocation of funds. On the one 
hand,  this  provided  clusters  with  financial  resources  to  implement  commonly 
developed strategies and thus empowered them. On the other hand, this poisoned 
the atmosphere within clusters and led to horse-trading between organizations, at 
times deteriorating the quality of projects receiving funds. Under the new system 
in DRC, clusters are only involved in setting priorities and defining criteria for 
allocation  decisions,  not  in  making  these  decisions  directly.  Also  under  this 
model, however, it is difficult to fund multidimensional projects. Other country-
level  pooled  funds  like  Humanitarian  Response  Funds  (HRFs),  Emergency 
Response Funds (ERFs) or Humanitarian Emergency Response Funds (HERFs) 
are much smaller and typically only used to respond to unforeseen needs outside 
the CAP.
38
 In the case study countries, these funds were often used by individual 
organizations, and only sometimes to fill critical cluster gaps. 
54
   UN  agencies  in  many  of  the  case  study  countries  also  appealed  to  the  Central 
Emergency  Response  Fund  (CERF),  a  global  pooled  fund.  Only  UN  agencies 
can receive funds through the CERF, but most of them work through partners. 
Through the cluster approach, cluster members are increasingly becoming involved 
in preparing CERF requests, which is a positive trend. Interview partners in the 
case study countries also emphasized, however, that there are often significant 
delays in the transfer of funds between UN agencies and their NGO partners and 
that  the  source  of  these  funds  often  remains  unclear  to  NGO  partners.  NGOs 
therefore frequently demand direct access to the CERF or similar mechanisms to 
diminish their financial dependence on UN agencies.
39
 
37  CHFs are also used in Sudan and the Central African Republic.
38   EFRs, HRFs or HERFs are managed by OCHA and currently used in Afghanistan, Columbia, DRC, 
Ethiopia, Haiti, Indonesia, Iraq, Kenya, Myanmar, Nepal, the oPt, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Zimbabwe. 
39  Cf. Cosgrave et al. (2007), p. 40.

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