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[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

perfect substitutes.
P e r f e c t C o m p l e m e n t s
Suppose now that someone offered you bundles
of shoes. Some of the shoes fit your left foot, others your right foot. How would
you rank these different bundles?
In this case, you might care only about the number of pairs of shoes. In other
words, you would judge a bundle based on the number of pairs you could assem-
ble from it. A bundle of 5 left shoes and 7 right shoes yields only 5 pairs. Getting 1
more right shoe has no value if there is no left shoe to go with it.
We can represent your preferences for right and left shoes with the indiffer-
ence curves in panel (b) of Figure 21-5. In this case, a bundle with 5 left shoes and
5 right shoes is just as good as a bundle with 5 left shoes and 7 right shoes. It is also
just as good as a bundle with 7 left shoes and 5 right shoes. The indifference
curves, therefore, are right angles. In this extreme case of right-angle indifference
curves, we say that the two goods are 
perfect complements.
In the real world, of course, most goods are neither perfect substitutes (like
nickels and dimes) nor perfect complements (like right shoes and left shoes). More
Dimes
1
2
3
7
5
0
Nickels
6
4
2
(a) Perfect Substitutes
Right Shoes
0
Left
Shoes
7
5
(b) Perfect Complements
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
1
I
2
F i g u r e 2 1 - 5
P
ERFECT
S
UBSTITUTES AND
P
ERFECT
C
OMPLEMENTS
.
When two goods are easily
substitutable, such as nickels and dimes, the indifference curves are straight lines, as
shown in panel (a). When two goods are strongly complementary, such as left shoes and
right shoes, the indifference curves are right angles, as shown in panel (b).
p e r f e c t s u b s t i t u t e s
two goods with straight-line
indifference curves
p e r f e c t c o m p l e m e n t s
two goods with right-angle
indifference curves


C H A P T E R 2 1
T H E T H E O R Y O F C O N S U M E R C H O I C E
4 7 1
typically, the indifference curves are bowed inward, but not so bowed as to be-
come right angles.
Q U I C K Q U I Z :
Draw some indifference curves for Pepsi and pizza. Explain 
the four properties of these indifference curves.
O P T I M I Z AT I O N : W H AT T H E C O N S U M E R C H O O S E S
The goal of this chapter is to understand how a consumer makes choices. We have
the two pieces necessary for this analysis: the consumer’s budget constraint and
the consumer’s preferences. Now we put these two pieces together and consider
the consumer’s decision about what to buy.
T H E C O N S U M E R ’ S O P T I M A L C H O I C E S
Consider once again our Pepsi and pizza example. The consumer would like to
end up with the best possible combination of Pepsi and pizza—that is, the combi-
nation on the highest possible indifference curve. But the consumer must also end
up on or below his budget constraint, which measures the total resources available
to him.
Figure 21-6 shows the consumer’s budget constraint and three of his many in-
difference curves. The highest indifference curve that the consumer can reach (
I
2
in
the figure) is the one that just barely touches the budget constraint. The point at
which this indifference curve and the budget constraint touch is called the 
opti-
mum.
The consumer would prefer point A, but he cannot afford that point because
We have used indifference
curves to represent the con-
sumer’s preferences. Another
common way to represent pref-
erences is with the concept of

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