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[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

At the equilibrium real exchange rate, the demand for dollars by for-
eigners arising from the U.S. net exports of goods and services exactly balances the supply
of dollars from Americans arising from U.S. net foreign investment.
At this point, it is worth noting that the division of transactions between “sup-
ply” and “demand” in this model is somewhat artificial. In our model, net exports
are the source of the demand for dollars, and net foreign investment is the source
of the supply. Thus, when a U.S. resident imports a car made in Japan, our model
treats that transaction as a decrease in the quantity of dollars demanded (because
net exports fall) rather than an increase in the quantity of dollars supplied. Simi-
larly, when a Japanese citizen buys a U.S. government bond, our model treats that
transaction as a decrease in the quantity of dollars supplied (because net foreign
investment falls) rather than an increase in the quantity of dollars demanded. This
use of language may seem somewhat unnatural at first, but it will prove useful
when analyzing the effects of various policies.
Q U I C K Q U I Z :
Describe the sources of supply and demand in the market
for loanable funds and the market for foreign-currency exchange.
E Q U I L I B R I U M I N T H E O P E N E C O N O M Y
So far we have discussed supply and demand in two markets—the market for
loanable funds and the market for foreign-currency exchange. Let’s now consider
how these markets are related to each other.
An aler t reader of this book
might ask: Why are we develop-
ing a theor y of the exchange
rate here? Didn’t we already do
that in the preceding chapter?
As you may recall, the pre-
ceding chapter developed a
theor y of the exchange rate
called 
purchasing-power parity.
This theor y asser ts that a dol-
lar (or any other currency) must
buy the same quantity of goods
and ser vices in ever y countr y.
As a result, the real exchange rate is fixed, and all changes
in the nominal exchange rate between two currencies reflect
changes in the price levels in the two countries.
The model of the exchange rate developed here is re-
lated to the theor y of purchasing-power parity. According to
the theor y of purchasing-power parity, international trade re-
sponds quickly to international price differences. If goods
were cheaper in one countr y than in another, they would be
expor ted from the first countr y and impor ted into the sec-
ond until the price difference disappeared. In other words,
the theor y of purchasing-power parity assumes that net ex-
por ts are highly responsive to small changes in the real ex-
change rate. If net expor ts were in fact so responsive, the
demand cur ve in Figure 30-2 would be horizontal.
Thus, the theor y of purchasing-power parity can be
viewed as a special case of the model considered here. In
that special case, the demand cur ve for foreign-currency ex-
change, rather than being downward sloping, is horizontal at
the level of the real exchange rate that ensures parity of
purchasing power at home and abroad. That special case is
a good place to start when studying exchange rates, but it is
far from the end of the stor y.
This chapter, therefore, concentrates on the more real-
istic case in which the demand cur ve for foreign-currency ex-
change is downward sloping. This allows for the possibility
that the real exchange rate changes over time, as in fact it
sometimes does in the real world.
F Y I
Purchasing-
Power Parity as
a Special Case


C H A P T E R 3 0
A M A C R O E C O N O M I C T H E O R Y O F T H E O P E N E C O N O M Y
6 8 5
N E T F O R E I G N I N V E S T M E N T :
T H E L I N K B E T W E E N T H E T W O M A R K E T S
We begin by recapping what we’ve learned so far in this chapter. We have been
discussing how the economy coordinates four important macroeconomic vari-
ables: national saving (

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