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[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

budget constraint,
shows the consumption bundles
that the consumer can afford. In this case, it shows the tradeoff between Pepsi and
pizza that the consumer faces.
Ta b l e 2 1 - 1
T
HE
C
ONSUMER

S
O
PPORTUNITIES
.
This table
shows what the consumer can
afford if his income is $1,000, the
price of Pepsi is $2, and the price
of pizza is $10.
N
UMBER
S
PENDING
S
PENDING
T
OTAL
P
INTS OF
P
EPSI
OF
P
IZZAS
ON
P
EPSI
ON
P
IZZA
S
PENDING
0
100
$
0
$1,000
$1,000
50
90
100
900
1,000
100
80
200
800
1,000
150
70
300
700
1,000
200
60
400
600
1,000
250
50
500
500
1,000
300
40
600
400
1,000
350
30
700
300
1,000
400
20
800
200
1,000
450
10
900
100
1,000
500
0
1,000
0
1,000
100
Quantity
of Pizza
Quantity
of Pepsi
0
250
50
500
B
C
A
Consumer’s
budget constraint
F i g u r e 2 1 - 1
T
HE
C
ONSUMER

S
B
UDGET
C
ONSTRAINT
.
The budget
constraint shows the various
bundles of goods that the
consumer can afford for a given
income. Here the consumer buys
bundles of Pepsi and pizza. The
more Pepsi he buys, the less
pizza he can afford.
b u d g e t c o n s t r a i n t
the limit on the consumption
bundles that a consumer can afford


4 6 6
PA R T S E V E N
A D VA N C E D T O P I C
The slope of the budget constraint measures the rate at which the consumer
can trade one good for the other. Recall from the appendix to Chapter 2 that the
slope between two points is calculated as the change in the vertical distance di-
vided by the change in the horizontal distance (“rise over run”). From point A to
point B, the vertical distance is 500 pints, and the horizontal distance is 100 pizzas.
Thus, the slope is 5 pints per pizza. (Actually, because the budget constraint slopes
downward, the slope is a negative number. But for our purposes we can ignore the
minus sign.)
Notice that the slope of the budget constraint equals the 
relative price
of the two
goods—the price of one good compared to the price of the other. A pizza costs 5
times as much as a pint of Pepsi, so the opportunity cost of a pizza is 5 pints of
Pepsi. The budget constraint’s slope of 5 reflects the tradeoff the market is offering
the consumer: 1 pizza for 5 pints of Pepsi.
Q U I C K Q U I Z :
Draw the budget constraint for a person with income of 
$1,000 if the price of Pepsi is $5 and the price of pizza is $10. What is the slope 
of this budget constraint?
P R E F E R E N C E S : W H AT T H E C O N S U M E R WA N T S
Our goal in this chapter is to see how consumers make choices. The budget con-
straint is one piece of the analysis: It shows what combination of goods the con-
sumer can afford given his income and the prices of the goods. The consumer’s
choices, however, depend not only on his budget constraint but also on his prefer-
ences regarding the two goods. Therefore, the consumer’s preferences are the next
piece of our analysis.
R E P R E S E N T I N G P R E F E R E N C E S W I T H
I N D I F F E R E N C E C U R V E S
The consumer’s preferences allow him to choose among different bundles of Pepsi
and pizza. If you offer the consumer two different bundles, he chooses the bundle
that best suits his tastes. If the two bundles suit his tastes equally well, we say that
the consumer is 
indifferent
between the two bundles.
Just as we have represented the consumer’s budget constraint graphically, we
can also represent his preferences graphically. We do this with indifference curves.
An 

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