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[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

total revenue.
The amount that the firm pays to buy in-
puts (flour, sugar, workers, ovens, etc.) is called its 
total cost.
Helen gets to keep
any revenue that is not needed to cover costs. We define 
profit
as a firm’s total rev-
enue minus its total cost. That is,
Profit 

Total revenue 

Total cost.
Helen’s objective is to make her firm’s profit as large as possible.
To see how a firm goes about maximizing profit, we must consider fully how
to measure its total revenue and its total cost. Total revenue is the easy part: It
equals the quantity of output the firm produces times the price at which it sells its
output. If Helen produces 10,000 cookies and sells them at $2 a cookie, her total
revenue is $20,000. By contrast, the measurement of a firm’s total cost is more
subtle.
t o t a l r e v e n u e
the amount a firm receives for the
sale of its output
t o t a l c o s t
the market value of the inputs a firm
uses in production
p r o f i t
total revenue minus total cost


C H A P T E R 1 3
T H E C O S T S O F P R O D U C T I O N
2 7 1
C O S T S A S O P P O R T U N I T Y C O S T S
When measuring costs at Hungry Helen’s Cookie Factory or any other firm, it is
important to keep in mind one of the 
Ten Principles of Economics
from Chapter 1:
The cost of something is what you give up to get it. Recall that the 
opportunity cost
of an item refers to all those things that must be forgone to acquire that item. When
economists speak of a firm’s cost of production, they include all the opportunity
costs of making its output of goods and services.
A firm’s opportunity costs of production are sometimes obvious and sometimes
less so. When Helen pays $1,000 for flour, that $1,000 is an opportunity cost because
Helen can no longer use that $1,000 to buy something else. Similarly, when Helen
hires workers to make the cookies, the wages she pays are part of the firm’s costs.
These are 

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