I I bo ‘lint. Yer kurrasi
1. Atm osfera............................................................................................... ......21
2. G idrosfera............................................................................................... ..... 26
3. L ito sfe ra .......................................................................................................41
I I I bo ‘lim. Tashqi m uhit omillari
1. Tashqi m uhit bilan organizm ning birligi............................................... 49
2. Ekologik omillar: biotik, abiotik, antropogen...................................... 50
3. Biotik om illar va ulam ing organizm uchun ahamiyati................ ...... 53
4. A ntropogen om illar........................................................................ ............54