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Разделите предложения на смысловые отрезка.
1. The bodies of the first passenger and freight cars were made of wood. 2. At first, steel replaced wood in car construction. 3. However, steel has two disadvantages as the material of construction for cars. 4. To get away with the disadvantages of ordinary steel most modern cars are built with bodies made of alloy steel or aluminium. 5. The application of aluminium and its alloys to rolling stock construction is of great economic importance because of the advantages these materials offer as compared with steel. 6. According to the project the cars were to run on two upper and two lower rails. 7. As to the field of application the monorail may be considered as one of the most convenient means of transportation between cities and their suburbs. 8. In recent years many countries are carrying out experiments with computer-controlled transport, both city and suburban. 9. In the course of time a great number of computing centres are to be set up throughout the country. 10. For more than half a century a great number of inventors and engineers have dreamed of a train-to-station phone communication.
8. Переведите речевые отрезки, обращая внимание на формы сказуемого.
the investigation was carried out; the research was being carried out; modern trains reach high speeds; the train has reached the maximum speed; the speed is increased; the speed is being increased; the speeds of our trains have been increased; the substation is automatically controlled; a fault occurred; they will design a new type of turbine; we shall be making an experiment; the proposal has been put forward; the project had been completed; the engineers are regulating the new equipment; various data will have been calculated; numerous devices perform man's job; the computers were being inspected; the sound signal will be immediately given.
9. Переведите предложения со сказуемыми в страдательном залоге.
1. The report of the famous engineer was listened to with particular attention. 2. The accuracy of calculations can be relied upon. 3. The invention of the steam locomotive roused great interest; it was much spoken and written about. 4. The project of a new railway was objected to by most specialists. 5. The economic development of a country is affected by the progress in rail transport. 6. All the reports made at the conference were followed by a heated discussion. 7. The method proposed can be relied upon. 8. Passenger cars were first lighted by candles; candles were then followed by oil and gas lamps. 9. The development of freight cars is influenced by the types of goods that are to be carried. 10. The modernization of the workshop is insisted upon by the workers and engineers.
а The experiment was watched with great attention.
12. The practice has shown that, if steel cars are properly cared for, they can last very long. 13. Some characteristics of the new locomotive are dealt with in the article. 14. When the fault had occurred the chief engineer was sent for to examine the installation. 15. This article is usually referred to while discussing the problem of computer-controlled railways. 16. The waiting hall can be entered through the main tunnel.
10. Определите функцию слов, оканчивающихся на -ed, и переведите предложения.
1. The newly designed locomotive is intended for passenger service. 2. The simulation technique ought to be used more widely for training locomotive drivers. 3. The electronic computer, if installed in the locomotive, can perform the control functions. 4. It is expected that by the end of the year the production of the new passenger cars will have been initiated. 5. The equipment tested proved reliable in operation. 6. The track cannot keep its position if placed directly on the earth. 7. The ties on the railroad track are laid on a crushed rock bed called ballast which is considered a very necessary element of the permanent way. 8. When widely introduced, containerized services will make the transportation of goods much easier. 9. The data obtained were transmitted to the central computer which supplied all information required. 10. Before opened, the railways ought to be carefully inspected. 11. When fully computerized,-the sorting yards will be able to provide high efficiency and reliability of their operations. 12. Applied to railways the electronic devices have facilitated many transportation processes.
11. Укажите предложения с модальными глаголами, выражающими необходимость совершения действия, и переведите их.
1. In the future the operation of railways should be turned into a fully computerized branch of a country's national economy. 2. Unlike the existing vehicles some trains of the future will have no wheels. 3. Numerous calculations had to be made while designing the vehicle. 4. To improve the passenger service there must be more ticket windows at railway stations. 5. The aim of the research was to develop a reliable power supply system. 6. The device is to perform two functions. 7. One ought to remember that automation means higher efficiency and reliability. 8. In recent years, some of the sorting yards have been computerized. 9. To facilitate traffic between big cities and their airports some more efficient mode of transport will have to be developed. 10. One should not forget that our country is a pioneer in diesel traction. 11. There existed a number of projects for strange railways in the past; according to one of them the power sources were to be installed along the track. 12. The general opinion (мнение) was to enclose the high speed trains in tubes. . .
12. Укажите предложения, в которых прошедшее время в придаточном предложении должно переводиться настоящим временем.
1. When the first railways appeared most people believed that it was not safe enough to travel by them. 2. Few people know G. Stephenson was the builder of the first public railway in England. 3. At the very beginning of the 19th century the newspapers wrote that railways would never be operated by steam power. 4. At the beginning of the last century it was not thought that a steamboat could be built powerful enough to cope with swift and mighty rivers. 5. Nobody knew what had caused the tragic explosion on the Pegleg Railroad, one of the world's first monorail railroads. 6. It was reported that Boynton's strange railroad—one of the unusual railways of the past—attracted great attention of the public.
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