Hydrocarbons contain Carbon & Hydrogen only!!!!!!

• Organic Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry

• Inorganic

• Organic

• Hydrocarbons contain Carbon & Hydrogen ONLY!!!!!!

• C has 4 valence e-’s

• 4 covalent bonds

• tetrahedral

• Low M.P.

• Slow reactors

• Poor conductors

• Contains only small amount of Carbon (I.e., carbides, oxides)
• Ionic or Covalent bonds
• High MP, strong intermolecular forces

• Contains Carbon!!!!
• (CHON)
• Covalent bonds
• EXCEPT CO2 it’s inorganic

• Has Carbon

• Alkane
• Single bonds
• CnH2n+2
• Ends in -ane

• Alkene
• One double bond
• CnH2n
• Ends in -ene

• Saturated

• All single bonds--- ALKANES ONLY!!

• Ex.
• C2H6

• H H
• H- C- C- H
• H H

• Ex.
• C2H4

• H H
• H- C=C-H

• Alkyne
• 1 triple bond
• CnH2n-2
• Ends in -yne

• Aromatic
• Ring
• CnH2n-6
• Benzene Toluene

• Unsaturated

• Double or triple bonds
• Alkenes & Alkynes

• Ex.
• C2H2

• H-C=C-H

• Naming Hydrocarbons

• Prefix

• 1-meth
• 2-eth
• 3-prop
• 4-but
• 5-pent

• 6-hex
• 7-hept
• 8-oct
• 9-non
• 10-dec

• Branches

• F-fluoro-
• Cl-chloro-
• Br-bromo-
• CH3- methyl
• CH3CH2- ethyl

• Steps:

• Find longest chain of carbons, circle it
• Name the longest chain of carbons
• Look for double/triple bonds (tell where they are)
• Look for branches, name, & tell where they are

• Ex.

• H H H H
• H-C- C- C- C- H
• H H H H

• Butane

• Ex. #2

• CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
• CH3

• 3-methyl hexane

• Characteristics of Hydrocarbons:

• Carbon has 4 valence e-’s, so it makes 4 covalent bonds

• Can be found in nature

• Can be straight chained or branched

• Contains only Carbon &
• Hydrogen

• Soluble in nonpolar solvents

• Non electrolytes

• Non polar

• Low M.P.

• Isomers
• Same molecular formula
• Different structural formula
• Count up the atoms, put in different order

• C5H12

• -C-C-C-C-C-

• C5H12

• -C-C-C-C-
• C

• Functional Groups

• Primary- 1 C attached to C-OH
• Secondary- 2 C attached to C-OH
• Tertiary 3 C attached to C-OH

• Alcohol -OH
• name ends in “ol”
• Tell what C # it is on

• Monohydroxy-1 OH
• Dihydroxy-2OH (diols)
• Trihydroxy- 3OH (glycerol)

• Acid

• End in “oic acid”

• Occurs at the end of a chain
• Conduct electricity

• -COOH

• -C

• O

• OH

• Table R

• CH3COOH

• 2-pentanol

• Functional Groups

• Ester

• Ether

• Occurs in the middle of a chain

• -COOC-
• Draw line between single bond O and C
• Single bond side (yl)
• Double bond side (oate)

• Occurs in middle of chain
• CH3CH2OCH3
• H on the carbon

• Branch (yl)
• Branch(yl)
• ether

• -C-O-C-

• -C

• O

• O-C-

• Functional Groups

• Amine
• Derivative of ammonia. Has Nitrogen
• Name ends in –amine
• Must tell what #C it’s on.
• -N- Ex. CH3CH2NH2
• 1- ethanamine

• Amide
• Formed when one of the H’s of the amine react w/the OH of an acid to produce an amide & water.
• Has N and a double bonded oxygen
• O CH3CH2CH2CONH2
• -C-N-H butanamide
• On the end. Ends in amide.

• Ketone
• Occurs in the middle of a chain
• CH3COCH3
• No H on the carbon

• -C-C-C-

• O

• Ends in “one”
• Tell what C#

• Functional Groups

• Aldehyde HO ends in “al”
• occurs at the end of a chain

• -CHO

• -C

• O

• H

• Types of Organic Reactions

• Substitution
• Substitute on atom for another
• Alkane + diatomic

• Addition
• Add both atoms of the diatomic
• Alkene + diatomic

• CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl +HCl

• H H
• H-C-H + Cl-Cl H-C-Cl + H-Cl
• H H

• C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2

• H H Br Br
• C=C + Br-Br H-C-C-H
• H H H H

• Types of
• Organic
• Reactions

• Fermentation
• Enzymatic reaction (zymase)
• Glucose ==> ethanol + CO2

• Saponification
• Fatty acid + strong base==> soap

• C6H12O6 ==> C2H5OH + CO2

• R-COOH + NaOH ==>
• 3CH3(CH2)16- C-O-Na+

• O

• Types of Organic Reactions

• Polymerization
• Condensation: start with an alkane remove water
• Addition: start with an alkene

• Natural : cellulose, starch, proteins

• Synthetic: nylon, polyethylene

• X(C2H4) ==> H(CH2-CH2)xH

• H H H H H H H H
• HO-C-C-OH + HO-C-C-OH ==> HO-C-C-O-C-C-OH+H2O
• H H H H H H H H

• Types of
• Reactions

• Esterification
• Alcohol + acid ==> ester + water

• Combustion
• Oxidation or burning

• Fractional Distillation

• Cracking

• CH4 + O2 ==> CO2 +H2O

• A controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules.

• A process used to separate liquids with different B.P.’s (which is boiled to produce a vapor that’s then condensed into a liquid).