|
Hydrocarbons contain Carbon & Hydrogen only!!!!!!
|
Sana | 17.01.2022 | Hajmi | 278,5 Kb. | | #381660 |
| Bog'liq 14.Organic Chem
- Hydrocarbons contain Carbon & Hydrogen ONLY!!!!!!
- Contains only small amount of Carbon (I.e., carbides, oxides)
- Ionic or Covalent bonds
- High MP, strong intermolecular forces
- Contains Carbon!!!!
- (CHON)
- Covalent bonds
- EXCEPT CO2 it’s inorganic
- Alkane
- Single bonds
- CnH2n+2
- Ends in -ane
- Alkene
- One double bond
- CnH2n
- Ends in -ene
- All single bonds--- ALKANES ONLY!!
- Alkyne
- 1 triple bond
- CnH2n-2
- Ends in -yne
- Aromatic
- Ring
- CnH2n-6
- Benzene Toluene
- Double or triple bonds
- Alkenes & Alkynes
- 1-meth
- 2-eth
- 3-prop
- 4-but
- 5-pent
- 6-hex
- 7-hept
- 8-oct
- 9-non
- 10-dec
- F-fluoro-
- Cl-chloro-
- Br-bromo-
- CH3- methyl
- CH3CH2- ethyl
- Find longest chain of carbons, circle it
- Name the longest chain of carbons
- Look for double/triple bonds (tell where they are)
- Look for branches, name, & tell where they are
-
- H H H H
- H-C- C- C- C- H
- H H H H
-
- CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
-
- CH3
-
- Characteristics of Hydrocarbons:
- Carbon has 4 valence e-’s, so it makes 4 covalent bonds
- Can be straight chained or branched
- Contains only Carbon &
- Hydrogen
- Soluble in nonpolar solvents
- Isomers
- Same molecular formula
- Different structural formula
- Count up the atoms, put in different order
- Primary- 1 C attached to C-OH
- Secondary- 2 C attached to C-OH
- Tertiary 3 C attached to C-OH
- Alcohol -OH
- name ends in “ol”
- Tell what C # it is on
- Monohydroxy-1 OH
- Dihydroxy-2OH (diols)
- Trihydroxy- 3OH (glycerol)
- Occurs at the end of a chain
- Conduct electricity
- Occurs in the middle of a chain
- -COOC-
- Draw line between single bond O and C
- Single bond side (yl)
- Double bond side (oate)
- Occurs in middle of chain
- CH3CH2OCH3
- H on the carbon
- Branch (yl)
- Branch(yl)
- ether
- Amine
- Derivative of ammonia. Has Nitrogen
- Name ends in –amine
- Must tell what #C it’s on.
- -N- Ex. CH3CH2NH2
- 1- ethanamine
- Amide
- Formed when one of the H’s of the amine react w/the OH of an acid to produce an amide & water.
- Has N and a double bonded oxygen
- O CH3CH2CH2CONH2
- -C-N-H butanamide
- On the end. Ends in amide.
- Ketone
- Occurs in the middle of a chain
- CH3COCH3
- No H on the carbon
- Ends in “one”
- Tell what C#
- Aldehyde HO ends in “al”
- occurs at the end of a chain
- Types of Organic Reactions
- Substitution
- Substitute on atom for another
- Alkane + diatomic
- Addition
- Add both atoms of the diatomic
- Alkene + diatomic
- H H
- H-C-H + Cl-Cl H-C-Cl + H-Cl
- H H
- H H Br Br
- C=C + Br-Br H-C-C-H
- H H H H
- Types of
- Organic
- Reactions
- Fermentation
- Enzymatic reaction (zymase)
- Glucose ==> ethanol + CO2
- Saponification
- Fatty acid + strong base==> soap
- R-COOH + NaOH ==>
- 3CH3(CH2)16- C-O-Na+
- Types of Organic Reactions
- Polymerization
- Condensation: start with an alkane remove water
- Addition: start with an alkene
- Natural : cellulose, starch, proteins
- Synthetic: nylon, polyethylene
- H H H H H H H H
- HO-C-C-OH + HO-C-C-OH ==> HO-C-C-O-C-C-OH+H2O
- H H H H H H H H
- Esterification
- Alcohol + acid ==> ester + water
- Combustion
- Oxidation or burning
- A controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules.
- A process used to separate liquids with different B.P.’s (which is boiled to produce a vapor that’s then condensed into a liquid).
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
|
|