5
settled population. However, Travellers’ life expectancy is still at levels experienced by
the settled community in the 1940’s. Accordingly, Traveller males live, on average, ten
years less than their settled equivalents, while Traveller women can expect to live, on
average, twelve years less than their settled counterparts (
ibid.
).
1.1.1
Cultural values
Nomadism and the family are core values of Traveller culture. Gmelch (1989: 303)
maintains that the Traveller family is the basic structural unit, as well as the primary
unit of production and consumption. The Central Statistics Office (2004) documents
5,547 Traveller families with an average family size of 5.5, whereas the
Census of
Traveller Families
(1981) noted that 97.7% of household members belonged to the
nuclear family (see Rottman
et al
., 1986). Maintaining family ties and ensuring contact
with the extended family are fundamental to the Traveller way of life and this very often
requires travel. As McDonagh (2000: 31) points out:
It’s important to remember that within Traveller society you have a mother,
father and children, but that is not as important as the family group …You
have one extended family and this is not seen in geographical terms. Settled
people organise themselves within parishes and districts. Travellers organise
within families.
Tovey and Share (2003: 472-473) claim that for Travellers, nomadism is a more
significant marker of ethnicity than language and it has emerged as ‘their most
important distinctive attribute’. MacLaughlin (1995: 16) claims that Irish Travellers
have a highly developed ‘geographical imagination’ (see Harvey, 1973), in other words
‘they think across time and place and regard geographical mobility as an integral, but by
no
means defining, feature of their way of life’ (MacLaughlin, 1995: 16). Unfortunately,
nomadism as a way of life is unpopular among the settled community and, as a direct
result, approximately 40% of Travellers live in temporary accommodation such as
unserviced halting sites or by the side of the road (Central Statistics Office, 2004).
Unserviced sites lack the basic amenities such as refuse collection, clean running water
or access to electricity.
7
have taken place at a policy level, the fact that many public services are designed by
settled people means that Travellers’ specific needs have not yet been met.
1.1.3 Language
The academic name for the language spoken by Travellers is
Shelta
, but Travellers
themselves refer to it as
Gammon
(sometimes spelled
Gamman
) or
Cant
. Meyer (1909)
maintains that Shelta was once the language of Irish poets and scholars because there
are elements to the language, such as borrowings from Greek and Hebrew, that only
scholars could have introduced. Cleeve (1983), Binchy (1994) and Ó Baoil (1994)
affirm that the grammatical and syntactical structure of Shelta is overwhelmingly
English but as Ó Baoil (
ibid
: 157) stresses ‘a substantial part of its vocabulary and
idioms are unrecognisable as anything remotely English’. This has lead Binchy (1994:
151) to the conclusion that the Shelta lexicon is the ethnic marker and the grammar
represents the parts of life shared with the settled community. Some Shelta words are
simple borrowings of the Irish or English word with the first or sometimes first and last
letters altered (Cleeve, 1983). The difference in the Shelta lexicon can also be explained
to some degree by the application of a disguise rule to Irish words:
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: