Human resource management practice I also available by michael armstrong



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Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 1

Chapter 

11

  Work, Organization and Job Design

137

 



a significant increase in the number of 

employers that an individual employee 

expects to work for during his or her career.

Work design – a short history

Work design began with the concept of the division 

of labour originated by Adam Smith (1776). Much 

later  came  ‘Taylorism’,  the  scientific  management 

movement pioneered by Taylor (1911), which was 

based  on  the  belief  that  the  most  efficient  way  to  

do tasks was to remove the responsibility for how 

to  do  the  work  from  the  individual  employee  to  

engineers or managers. The next step was ‘Fordism’, 

the moving assembly line introduced by Henry Ford 

in 1914. Thereafter, the practice of work simplifica-

tion  became  embedded  in  organizations  and  to  a 

large extent still exists.

The  first  move  away  from  this  situation  was 

provided by the concept of job enrichment popular-

ized by Herzberg (1968: 83), who referred to it as 

‘vertical job loading’. His definition of the principles 

and  motivators  involved  is  set  out  in  Table  11.1. 

This was reinforced by job design theory (Hackman 

and Oldham, 1974).

More recently, the notion of ‘smart working’ has 

emerged.  Essentially,  this  means  managing  the 

work  environment  in  order  to  release  employees’ 

energy  and  drive  business  performance.  Smart 

working, as described in detail later, has been the 

subject  of  extensive  research  conducted  by  the 

CIPD (2008).

However, before examining the notion of smart 

working  it  is  necessary  to  remember  that  it  takes 

place within the system of work, and approaches to 

work system design are therefore examined first.


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