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Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 1

The components of culture

Organizational culture can be described in terms of 

values, norms, artefacts and management or leader-

ship style.

Values

Values  are  beliefs  in  what  is  best  or  good  for  the 



organization and what should or ought to happen. 

The ‘value set’ of an organization may only be rec-

ognized at top level, or it may be shared throughout 

the  business,  in  which  case  the  business  could  be 

described as value-driven.

The stronger the values the more they will influ-

ence  behaviour.  This  does  not  depend  upon  their 

having  been  articulated.  Implicit  values  that  are 

deeply embedded in the culture of an organization 

and are reinforced by the behaviour of management 

can  be  influential,  while  espoused  values  that  are 

mere  rhetoric  and  are  not  reflected  in  managerial 

behaviour may have little or no effect. When values 

are acted on they are called ‘values in use’. Examples 

are listed below.

 



Care and consideration for people.

 



Competence.

 



Competitiveness.

 



Customer service.

 



Innovation.

 



Performance.

 



Quality.

 



Teamwork.

Areas in which values may be  

expressed – explicitly or implicitly

Values may be expressed through norms and arte-

facts, as described below. They may also be expressed 

through the media of language (organizational jargon), 

rituals, stories and myths.

Norms


Norms  are  the  unwritten  rules  of  behaviour,  the 

‘rules of the game’ that provide informal guidelines 

on how to behave. Norms tell people what they are 

supposed to be doing, saying, believing, even wear-

ing. They  are  never  expressed  in  writing  –  if  they 

were,  they  would  be  policies  or  procedures. They 

are passed on by word of mouth or behaviour and 

can be enforced by the reactions of people if they 

are violated. They can exert very powerful pressure 

on behaviour because of these reactions – we con-

trol others by the way we react to them.




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