Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
(Festinger), 17 f
Theory of multiple intelligences,
281–282 f , 287 f
Thinking. See also Cognitive abili-
ties; Intelligence
artifi cial intelligence, 249
cognitive dissonance of thoughts 
or, 582 f –583
concepts used when, 245–247 f
defi nition of, 243
divergent and convergent, 261–262
hunches and, 258
infl uence of language on, 269–270
mental images used when,
244 f –245
motivation and role of, 313
reasoning and, 247–249
role sleep in, 144
Thorndike’s law of effect, 183–184 f
The Three Faces of Eve (fi lm), 518
Three-system approach to memory,
209–210 f
Thresholds
absolute, 100–101
difference, 101–102
Thyroid, 76 f
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, 222
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimula-
tion imaging), 79, 80 f –81
Top-down processing, 127–128
Touch sense, 120–123
Tourette’s syndrome, 544
Tower of Hanoi puzzle, 251 f , 252
Trait theory
defi nition of, 448–449
evaluating approaches to personal-
ity, 450–451
Gordon Allport’s, 449
Traits
Big Five personality, 449–450 f
cardinal, central, secondary, and 
source, 449
central, 584
defi nition of, 448–449
halo effect of positive, 586
hardiness, 481–482
resilience, 482
source, 449
Transcranial magnetic stimulation 
(TMS), 567
Transference, 547
Transformation problems, 252, 
253 f , 254 f
Transgenderism, 370
Transsexuals, 369–370
Treatment
experimental research, 41–42
placebo, 53
Trephining, 15, 16 f
Trichomoniasis, 372–373
Trichromatic theory of color vision, 111
Tricyclic drug, 565 f
Trukese navigation technique, 279
Trust-versus mistrust stage, 404
12-step programs, 559
Twin studies, 455
Twins
identical, 383
nature-nurture issue and, 381
Type A behavior pattern, 485
Type B behavior pattern, 486
Type D behavior pattern, 486
Type I schizophrenia, 526
Type II schizophrenia, 526
U 
Ulysses (Joyce), 503
Umami (taste category), 119
Unconditional positive regard,
458, 557
Unconditioned response (UCR),
176, 177 f
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS),
176, 177 f
Unconscious
collective, 445–446
defi nition of, 439
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory on 
the, 439–444
Unconscious wish fulfi llment dream 
theory, 147 f –148
Uninvolved parents, 402 f
United States
changes in marriage and divorce 
in the, 425
diversity of language in, 272 f
female circumcision outlawed in 
the, 360
individuals rating themselves as 
happy in the, 498 f
population suffering from major 
depression in the, 521
World Economic Forum gender 
equality ranking of, 344 f
Universal grammar, 268
Uplifts events, 475, 476 f
U.S. National Institute of Child Health 
and Development, 400–401 f
V 
Validity, 291
Valium, 565 f , 567
Variability
defi nition of, A-10
range, A-10
standard deviation, A-11 f –A-12 f
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