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Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
(Kinsey et al.), 364
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
(Kinsey et al.), 364
Sexual changes
adolescence development and
puberty, 412–414
range of ages for major, 413 f
Sexual desire disorders, 531
Sexual diffi culties
childhood sexual abuse, 371–372 f
rape and date rape, 370–371, 375
sexual problems, 374
STIs (sexually transmitted infec-
tions), 372–373 f
Sexual disorders, 531
Sexual fantasies, 358
Sexual harassment
description of, 346–347
students reporting on, 347 f
Sexual infi delity
current surveys on amount of, 367
gender differences in perception
of, 351
Sexual orientation
heterosexuality, 365–367 f
homosexuality and bisexual-
ity, 367–369
Kinsey sexual behavior surveys
(1930s) on, 364, 368 f
transsexualism, 369–370
Sexual response phases, 358–359 f
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
defi nition of, 372
estimates of new cases, 373 f
major types of, 372–373
Shaping, 192
Short-term memory
defi nition of, 210
rehearsal transfer to long-term
from, 213
three-stage model of memory and,
210 f , 211–213
Sickle-cell anemia, 390
Sign language
babbling in, 266
primates taught to use, 270–271
Signifi cant outcome, 45, A-15
Similarity gestalt law, 127 f
Simplicity gestalt law, 127 f
Situational causes, 585–586
Situationism, 453
Skewed distribution, A-8 f –A-9 f
Skin senses, 120–123
Skin sensitivity, 121 f
Skinner box experiment, 185 f
Sleep. See also Dreams
disturbances and problems,
149–150
how much is needed, 145 f –146
memory, thinking, and role of, 144
REM (rapid eye movement),
143 f –144, 149
stages of, 142–143 f
understanding, 141 f
Sleep disturbances
description and types of, 149–150
suggestions for coping with, 152
Sleep Quiz, 141 f
Sleep technologist, 150
Sleeptalkers, 150
Sleepwalkers, 150
Small intestine, 76 f
Smell sense (olfaction), 118–119
Smoking. See also Nicotine
adolescents and, 487, 489 f
international marketing promot-
ing, 490
neuroscience on why it’s so diffi -
cult to quit, 488 f
reasons for, 487–488
Smoking cessation
diffi culty of, 488–489
hypnosis used for, 156
“Sniff tests,” 118–119
Social behavior. See also Violence
aggressive, 608–610
helping others, 611 f –613
interpersonal attraction, 604–605
liking and love, 605–608
Social cognition. See also Cognitive
abilities
as approach to personality, 452
attribution biases: to err is
human, 586–587
attribution processes: understand-
ing causes of behavior, 584–586
defi nition of, 583
impression formation, 583–584
understanding what others are
like, 583
Social development
adulthood, 424–425
attachment and, 398–399
childhood, 397–404
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial
development, 403–404,
416 f –417
older adults and continued,
431–432
Social identity theory, 599
Social infl uences
culture, ethnicity, and race as,
25 f –26
language and verbal skills and,
90–91
Social learning. See Observational
learning
Social neuroscience
defi nition of, 600
evolving fi eld of, 26
Social phobia, 514
Social pressure, 593–595
Social relationships. See also
Friendship
childhood development and
peer, 400
Facebook online, 606
interpersonal attraction and,
604–605
liking and love and, 605–608
marriage, 363, 425, 607 f
reciprocity-of-liking effect, 605
relationship harmony, 453
Social roles
conformity to, 592–593
gender-specifi c, 343–344, 426
Social support
defi nition of, 482
research on brain activation
and, 482 f
Social supporter, 591
Socialization. See also Environmental
factors
defi nition of, 353
gender differences in cognitive
abilities and, 350 f
gender differences and impact
of, 353–354
gender schema produced
through, 354
moral development and gender-
specifi c, 415–416
Sociocultural perspective of abnormal-
ity, 505 f , 507–508
Socioeconomic status-IQ test score
relationship, 301
Sociopathic (antisocial) personal-
ity, 529–530
Solution impediments
examining the realities of, 258–259 f
functional fi xedness and mental
set, 259 f –260 f
inaccurate evaluation of solu-
tions, 260
Solutions
forming subgoals, 256
inaccurate evaluation of, 260
judgment for evaluating, 257
means-ends analysis for, 255–256
nine-dot problem, 265 f
sudden awareness leading to,
256–257
Somatic division, 72
Somatoform disorders, 518
The Sopranos (TV show), 201
Sound
defi nition of, 114
ear structure and sensing, 114–115 f
physical aspects of, 115–116
range by age group, 117 f
theories of, 116–117
Sound waves, 116 f
Source amnesia, 225
Source traits, 449
Space sickness, 118
Spatial intelligence, 282 f
Special education
educators involved in, 297
integrating students with mental
retardation, 296–297
Spermarche, 413
Spinal cord
brain and the, 83 f
defi nition of the, 70
nervous system and the, 71 f
Split-brain patients, 91–92 f
Spontaneous recovery, 179 f –180
Spontaneous remission, 560
Spreading activation, 217
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors), 66
Stage 1 sleep, 142 f
Stage 2 sleep, 142 f
Stage 3 sleep, 142 f
Stage 4 sleep, 142 f
Standard deviation
calculating, A-11–A-12 f
defi nition of, A-11
Standardized test scoring, 292–293 f
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 289
Statistics
defi nition of, A-5
descriptive, A-5–A-9 f
inferential and correlation,
A-14–A-17
measures of variability,
A-10–A-12
Stereotype threat, 349
Stereotype vulnerability, 602
Stereotypes
defi nition of, 598
gender, 344 f , 354
mass media reinforcement of, 599
prejudice and discrimination
based on, 598–602
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