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Subject Index
I-23
Psychodynamic therapy
contemporary approaches to, 547
defi nition of, 546
evaluating, 547–548
Freud’s psychoanalysis ther-
apy, 546–547
Psychological Bulletin (journal), 135
Psychological dependence, 159
Psychological disorders. See also
Mental problems
abnormality, 503–508
anxiety, 513–518
childhood, 530–531
controversies underlining our
understanding of, 535–537
different perspectives on, 505 f –508
dissociative, 518–520
DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria
on, 508–510
molecular genetics and, 74–75
mood, 520–524
other, 531
personality, 529–530
preventing, 572
problems reported by college
students, 535 f
schizophrenia, 524–529
social and cultural context of,
535–537
somatoform, 518
study on prevalence of, 534
Psychological tests
debate over race and ethnicity
norms used in, 462–463
description of, 461
norms as basis of, 462
Psychologists
breakdown of degrees among
U.S., 10 f
career positions available to, 11–12 f
education of, 11
a portrait of, 10–11
work settings of, 9–10
Psychology. See also Applying psychol-
ogy; Developmental psychol-
ogy; Informed consumers
cognitive, 242–263
community, 570 f –571
defi nition of, 5
developmental, 6, 7 t , 380, 381,
393–410, 412–420
evolutionary, 7 f , 8, 73–75, 523
experimental, 6, 7 f , 41–46
founding mothers/women in,
17–18
future trends and applications
of, 26–27
gestalt, 16 f –17, 126 f –127 f , 128 f
health, 7 f , 8, 472–498 f
industrial-organizational (I/O), 595
key issues and positions taken
in, 23 f
major milestones in development
of, 16 f
personality, 6, 7 f , 439–468
roots of, 15–18
subfi elds of, 6, 7 f –9
test your knowledge of, 5 f –6
Psychology perspectives
behavioral, 18, 19–20, 23 f , 505 f , 506
behavioral neuroscience, 6, 7 f , 18,
19, 23 f , 217–221, 333–334
cognitive, 18, 20, 23 f , 123, 323 f ,
505 f , 506–507
humanistic, 18, 20, 23 f , 505 f , 507
psychodynamic, 18, 19, 23 f , 439,
546–548
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
defi nition of, 472
stress and, 479–480
Psychophysics, 99
Psychophysiological disorders,
476–477
Psychosexual stages
defi nition of, 441
latency, 442
oral, 441–442
phallic, 442
Psychosocial development
defi nition of, 403
Erikson’s theory of, 403–404
Psychosurgery, 568
Psychotherapy
behavioral approaches to, 548–552 f
cognitive approaches to, 552–554
defi nition of, 544
evaluating effectiveness of differ-
ent approaches, 559–562
getting help from the right
person, 545 f
group, family, and self-help
groups, 558–559
HRT (habit-reversal training), 544
humanistic, 556–558
interpersonal, 558
psychodynamic approaches
to, 546–548
racial and ethnic factors in, 562
Psychoticism, 449 f
PsychWork
advertising agency creator, 581
case manager and substance abuse
counselor, 557
child protection caseworker, 403
director of special education, 297
human resources manager, 467
licensed social worker, 10
nutritionist, 320
rehabilitation counselor, 86
seeing eye guide dog trainer, 192
sleep technologist, 150
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder)
anxiety disorder classifi cation
of, 517
classical conditioning leading
to, 178–179
defi nition of, 474
symptoms of, 474–475
World Trade Center attack (2001)
and, 474 f
Puberty
defi nition of, 413
myth versus reality of stormy
adolescence during, 417–418
physical and sexual changes dur-
ing, 412–414
Punishment
defi nition of, 86
reinforcement versus, 186–189
types of, 187 f
Q
Quitting smoking, 488 f –489
Quizzes. See also Tests/testing
BMI (body mass index), 318 f
Do You Seek Out Sensation?, 312 f
How Sensitive Are You? quiz, 100 f
How Stressful Is Your Life?, 477 f
Is this Aggression?, 609 f
The Life Orientation Test-
Revised, 463 f
The Need for Cognition, 580 f
Sleep, 141 f
A Test for Depression, 521 f
R
Race. See also Ethnicity
as biological concept, 26
divisions on acceptable names
for, 26
how behavior is infl uenced
by, 25 f –26
Racial/ethnicity differences. See also
African Americans; Asian
Americans; Exploring diversity
adolescent suicide and, 418–419
alcohol consumption and, 165
date rape and, 370–371
IQ test basis and, 300–301
learning styles and, 203
masturbation and, 364
psychological tests using norms
of, 462–463
psychotherapy consideration of, 562
Random assignment to condition,
42–43
Range, A-10
Rape
date, 370–371
defi nition of, 370
Rational-emotive behavior ther-
apy, 553
Reactance, 492–493
Reactive schizophrenia, 526
Reality principle, 440
Reasoning. See also Cognitive abilities
algorithms and heuristics used
for, 248–249
defi nition of, 247
Kohlberg’s theory on moral, 415 f
syllogistic, 247–248
Recall memory task, 222
Recency effect, 215
Reciprocity-of-liking effect, 605
Recognition memory task, 222–223 f
Refl exes
defi nition of, 70
neonates (newborns), 393–394
Refractory period, 359
Rehabilitation counselor, 86
Rehearsal, 213
Reinforcement
defi nition of, 184–185
positive, negative, and punish-
ment, 186–189
schedules of, 189–191
Reinforcers
negative, 186
positive, 185–186
primary and secondary, 185
punishment versus, 186–189
types of, 187 f
Relational learning style, 203 f
Relationship harmony, 453
Relative size, 130
Relaxation, 549 f
Relaxation techniques, 123
Reliability, 291
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep,
143 f –144, 149
Replicated research, 46
Representative participants
college students as not being, 50 f
importance of using, 51 f
Repressed memories, 228–229
Repression, 443
Research. See also Scientifi c method
archival, 37, 45 f
case study, 38–39, 45 f
cross-sectional, 383–384
defi nition of, 37
descriptive and correlation,
39–40 f , 45 f
experimental, 41–46 f , 45 f
longitudinal, 384
naturalistic observation, 37–38, 45 f
replicated, 46
sequential, 384
summary of different methods
of, 45 f
survey, 38
Research issues
animal use in research, 52 f –53
avoiding experimental bias, 53–55
ethics, 49–51 f
Research subjects
experimental research, 42
importance of using representa-
tive, 51 f
informed consent of, 49–50
pros and cons of college students
as, 50 f
random assignment to condi-
tion, 42–43
Resilience, 482
Resolution stage, 359
Resting state, 62
Retina, 106
Retrieval clues
defi nition of, 222
recalling long-term memories
and, 222–223 f
Retroactive interference, 234–235 f
Retrograde amnesia, 236
Reuptake, 66
Road rage, 610
Robot artifi cial intelligence, 286
Rods (retina), 106
Rohypnol (“date rape drug”), 162 f , 167
Rorschach test (inkblots), 465 f –466
RSDS (refl ex sympathetic dystrophy
syndrome), 120
Rubella (German measles), 391 f
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