198
“Yes, um, it, it, it’s very demanding, um, it’s probably like a, an
executive job, um, where you can’t come home at a certain nine-to-five,
you can’t spend a lot of your time with people around you, you feel
detached because you know, it’s like, I, I... I don’t necessarily have a
schedule, I might work weekends, um, but... I don’ t actually mind, but
it’s like your family, your boyfriend, or your husband, or whatever, they
can’t go to see you, it’s like last night, I, er, it’s like I was suppose to be
going out to dinner with the old friend, you know with some old friends,
and, I ended, I was still at the studio, and I said, oh I should be finished
around seven, and of course eleven o’clock came, and I was still at the
studio, and everybody was raving mad, and I got there while
the...everybody was getting ready to leave the restaurant... Things like
that does happen, you know you can’t, you...you are not tied to that, and
because of that sometimes you feel you can’t do things that other people,
nine-to-five, can do. You might have a day off at Tuesday, and all your
nine-to-five friends have got to get up to work, so they don’t necessarily
want to go out on the town the way you might want to on a Saturday,
and so you find that a lot of the time, to fit into this you’re fr...you, you
change, and because their schedules all fit yours...”
(Harmer and Elsworth, 1989:75)
The following forms of redundancy occur in the above extract:
⑴ Tautology: you know
⑵ Hesitation (filled pauses and empty pauses): um, er...
⑶ False starts: while the ...everybody; you’re fr...you, you change
⑷ Repetition or stutter: it, it, it’s; I, I, I...
⑸
Self-correction; you can’t, you...you are
not tied to tha
By comparison, many inauthentic listening materials show nothing of these
forms
of the redundancy as shown in the above extract.
2. Different grammatical features
The differences in grammar between authentic and inauthentic listening materials
can be reflected in the differences between the spoken language and written
language. Brown and Yule(1983) summarize these as : a) most speakers of English
produce spoken language which is syntactically very much similar than the written
language(e.g. few subordinate clauses);b) speakers often use incomplete sentences;
199
c) the vocabulary of spoken language is usually much less specific than that of
written language; d) interactive expressions like well, oh, uhuh features are used in
spoken language; e) information is packed very much less densely in spoken
language than written language. This means that the vocabulary used in authentic
listening materials is different from that used in the inauthentic listening materials.
The former tend to use the general nouns, thing, person, animal and the verb get,
do, make, have, etc. and conjunctions and. It also tends to use colloquial
vocabulary. In addition, in the natural communication, the speaker pays less
attention to the cohesions and always uses the ungrammatical structures.
Sometimes, the referents of cohesive markers such as this, these, and you are
omitted in speech. For example,: “well you know, there was this guy, and here we
were talking about, you know, girls, and all that sort of thing ...and here’s were
what he says...”(Richard, 1983:226)
If we compare the following two extracts （A and B）, it is not hard to see some of
the differences in grammar between spoken language and written or between the
authentic listening material and the inauthentic listening material. Extract A is from
an authentic interview taken from Listen to This, book2, Teachers Book. ( He etc.
，1993 ), and may show some of the ungrammatical features of
spoken language or
the authentic listening materials, while extract B is from the existing textbook Step
By Step 2000, book 2, Teachers Book. (Zhang， 2001：80),and may show the
grammatical features of written language or the inauthentic listening materials:
Extract A
Interviewer: ... Mrs. Bradly, you and your husband smoke cigarettes I see. What
about cigars ...a pipe ... do your husband...?
Mrs. Bradly: Oh he’s never smoked a pipe. He’s is the restless, nervy type. I
always associate pipe-smoking with people of another kind...the
calm contented type... As for cigars I suppose he
never smokes more
than one a year-after his Christmas dinner. Of course I only smoke
cigarettes.
Interviewer: Right. Now let’s keep to you Mrs. Bradly. When and why –if that’s
not asking too much-did you begin to smoke? Can you remember?
Mrs. Bradly: Yes... I remember well. I’m third-two now...so I must have
been...er...yes...seventeen...when I had my first cigarette. It was at a
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
