The Source Book On Sikhism

Latin Italian Meaning

Optimus Ottimo Best (Sanskrit: ttama)

Septem Setto Seven

Scriptum Scritto Written

September Settembre September

Sceptre Scettro Sceptre

(b) INDIAN LANGUAGES

Sanskrit Punjabi Meaning

Sapta Satt-a Seven

Supta Sutta Asleep

Tapta Tatta Hot

Dugdha Duddha Milk

Gupta (concealed), Lupta (vanished) and Tripta (satisfied) are important exceptions. These words have come from Sanskrit, without undergoing any modification.

Rule 111. The conjunct ‘x’ or ‘ksh’ in the classical language into ‘cc’ (pronounced as ‘ch’ in ‘church’), ‘ss’ or ‘chh’ in the modern language.

Examples.

(a) EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

Latin Italian Meaning

Excellentia Eccellenza Excellence (-y)

Exception (em) Eccezione Exception

Proximo Prossimo Proximo (next)

Exactement (French) Esettaemte Exactly

Punjabi is a language and not a dialect of any other language. It leads an independent life, life other well-known languages - Hindi, Bengali, English or German. The study of this language is important, not only because it is one of the most widely spoken languages of India, but also because Punjabi has preserved some of the rarest philological and structural peculiarities of the ancient Aryan speech, from which have sprung up the majority of Indian and European languages of today. No student of Aryan philology can, therefore, afford to ignore Punjabi.

(b) INDIAN LANGUAGES