194
IELTS Reading Formula
(MAXIMISER)
"""TEST 7
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about
20
minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage1 below.
The megafires of California
Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the
western United States
Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern
California being the hardest hit area. There's a reason fire squads battling more frequent
blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better
preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the 'Santa Ana
Winds'. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more
erratically than in the past.
Megafires, also called 'siege fires', are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres
or more - 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires
are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state
figures
and news reports.
One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry
summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another
reason, experts say, is related to the century- long policy of the US Forest Service to stop
wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural
eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires.
Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add.
First is climate change, marked by a 1-
degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is
fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is
increased construction of homes in wooded areas.
'We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems,' says Dominik Kulakowski,
adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester,
Massachusetts. 'Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on
the side of an active volcano.'
In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least
a decade, more residential housing is being built. 'What once was open space is now
residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity,' says Terry McHale
of the California Department of Forestry firefighters' union. 'With so much dryness, so many
communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job.'
That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in
recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres,
burned
thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of
bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are
meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood - and canyon- hopping fires better than
previously, observers say.
State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have
been fulfilled. Firefighters' unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire
engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state's commitment,
noting that funding for firefighting has
increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs.
'\Ne are p\eased that the current state administration has been very proactive
in its
support of
us, and [has] come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long
sought,' says Mr. McHale of the firefighters' union.