4
Sometimes, swallows have been known to return not just to the same area, but even to the ......................... .
5
Birds that travel by night can find their way using the ......................... .
6
Bird navigation appears to be connected with the memory of ........................ ..
IEL TS Reading (Activity 28)
IJ),,
To Learn better, take a nap ( and don't forget to dream)
The new findings suggest that dreams may be the sleeping brain's way of telling us that it is hard at
work on the process of integrating our recent experiences to help us with performance-related tasks in
the short run and in the long run.
'What
'
s got us really excited is that after nearly 100 years of debate about the function of dreams, this
study tells us that dreams are the brain's way of processing, integrating and really understanding new
information,' explains senior author Robert Stickgold at Harvard Medical School. 'Dreams are a
clear sign that the sleeping brain is working on memories at many levels, including ways that will directly
improve performance.' Initially, the authors put forward the theory that dreaming about a learning
experience during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep would lead to improved performance on a
spatial memory task.
To test this theory, the investigators had 99 subjects spend an hour training on a 'virtual maze task', a
computer exercise in which they were asked to find their way through and learn the layout of a complex
3D maze with the goal of reaching an endpoint as quickly as possible. Following this initial training,
participants were asked to either take a 90-minute nap or to engage in quiet activities but remain awake.
At various times, subjects were also asked to describe what was going through their minds, or in the case
of the nappers, what they had been dreaming about. Five hours after the initial exercise, the subjects
were retested on the maze task. The results were striking.
The non-nappers showed no signs of improvement on the second test - even if they had reported
thinking about the maze during their rest period. Similarly, the subjects who napped, but who did not
report experiencing any maze-related dreams or thoughts during their sleep period, showed little, if any,
improvement. But, the nappers who described dreaming about the task showed dramatic improvement.
10 times more than that shown by those nappers who reported having no maze-related dreams.
'These dreamers described various scenarios - seeing people at checkpoints in a maze, or even just
hearing the background music from the computer game,' explains first author Erin Wamsley, a
postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard Medical School. These interpretations suggest that not only was sleep
necessary to 'consolidate' the information, but that the dreams were an outward reflection that the brain
had been busy at work on this very task.
Complete the
sentences
below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
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