1.
Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah, Dar Abi Hayyan, Cairo, 1st ed. 1416/1996, Vol.
6 P. 421.
2.
Tabari: Vol. 3, p. 43.
3.
No trace remains of Walaja. According to Yaqut (Vol. 4, p. 939), it was east of the
Kufa-Makkah road, and a well-watered region stretched between it and Hira. Musil (p.
293) places it near Ain Zahik, which, though still known by that name to the local
inhabitants of the region, is marked on maps as Ain-ul-Muhari and is 5 miles south-
south-west of Shinafiya. The area of Walaja, now completely barren, was then very
fertile.
4.
This was the place where Wasit was founded in 83 Hijri. In fact Kaskar became the
eastern part of Wasit.
Page 2
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Bahman moved on a separate route to Andarzaghar's. From Ctesiphon he marched south,
between the two rivers, making directly for Walaja. But he left Ctesiphon several days
after the first army, and his movement was slower.
The Battle of the River
had been a glorious victory. With few casualties to themselves,
the Muslims had shattered a large Persian army and acquired a vast amount of booty. But
the battle left Khalid in a more thoughtful mood; and only now did he begin to appreciate
the immensity of the resources of the Persian Empire. He had fought two bloody battles
with two separate Persian armies and driven them mercilessly from the battlefield, but he
was still only on the fringes of the Empire. The Persians could field many armies like the
ones he had fought at Kazima and the River.
It was a sobering thought. And Khalid was on his own. He was the first Muslim
commander to set out to conquer alien lands. He was not only the military commander
but also the political head, and as such had to govern, on behalf of the Caliph in Madinah,
all the territories conquered for Islam. There was no superior to whom he could turn for
guidance in matters of politics and administration. Moreover, his men were not as fresh
as on the eve of Kazima. They had marched long and fast and fought hard, and were now
feeling more than a little tired. Khalid rested his army for a few days.
By now Khalid had organised an efficient network of intelligence agents. The agents
were local Arabs who were completely won over by the generous treatment of the local
population by Khalid, which contrasted strikingly with the harshness and arrogance of the
imperial Persians. Consequently they had thrown in their lot with the Muslims and kept
Khalid apprised of the affairs of Persia and the movements of Persian forces. These
agents now informed him of the march of Andarzaghar from Ctesiphon; of the large Arab
contingents which joined him; of his picking up the survivors of Qarin's army; of his
movement towards Walaja. They also brought word of the movement towards Walaja.
They also brought word of the march of the second army under Bahman from Ctesiphon
and its movement in a southerly direction. As more intelligence arrived, Khalid realised
that the two Persian armies would shortly meet and then either bar his way south of the
Euphrates or advance to fight him in the region of Uballa. The Persians would be in such
overwhelming strength that there could be no possibility of his engaging in a successful
battle. Khalid had to get to Hira, and Walaja was smack on his route.
Another point that worried Khalid was that too many Persians were escaping from one
battle to fight another day. The survivors of Kazima had joined Qarin and fought at the
River. The survivors of
the River
had joined Andarzaghar and were now moving towards
Walaja. If he was to have a sporting chance of defeating all the armies that faced him, he
would have to make sure that none got away from one battle to join the army preparing
for the next.
These then were the two problems that faced Khalid. The first was strategical: two
Persian armies were about to combine to oppose him. To this problem he found a
masterly strategical solution,
i.e.
to advance rapidly and fight and eliminate one army
(Andarzaghar's) before the other army (Bahman's) arrived on the scene. The second
problem was tactical: how to prevent enemy warriors escaping from one battle to fight
another. To this he found a tactical solution which only a genius could conceive and only
a master could implement-but more of this later.
Khalid gave instructions to Suwaid bin Muqarrin to see to the administration of the
conquered districts with his team of officials, and posted a few detachments to guard the
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lower Tigris against possible enemy crossings from the north and east and to give
warning of any fresh enemy forces coming from those directions. With the rest of the
army-about 15,000 men-he set off in the direction of Hira, moving at a fast pace along the
south edge of the great marsh.
If Andarzaghar had been given the choice, he would undoubtedly have preferred to wait
for the arrival of Bahman before fighting a decisive battle with the Muslims. But
Andarzaghar was not given the choice. A few days before Bahman was expected, the
Muslim army appeared over the eastern horizon and camped a short distance from
Walaja. However, Andarzaghar was not worried. He had a large army of Persians and
Arabs and felt confident of victory. He did not even bother to withdraw to the river bank,
a mile away, so that he could use the river to guard his rear. He prepared for battle at
Walaja.
Page 3
For the whole of the next day the two armies remained in their respective camps, keeping
each other under observation, while commanders and other officers carried out
reconnaissances and made preparations for the morrow. The following morning the
armies deployed for battle, each with a centre and wings. The Muslims armies were again
commanded by Asim bin Amr and Adi bin Hatim.
The battlefield consisted of an even plain stretching between two low, flat ridges which
were about 2 miles apart and 20 to 30 feet in height. The north-eastern part of the plain
ran into a barren desert. A short distance beyond the north-eastern ridge flowed a branch
of the Euphrates now known as the River Khasif. The Persians deployed in the centre of
this plain, facing east-south-east, with the western ridge behind them and their left resting
on the north-eastern ridge. Khalid formed up his army just forward of the north-eastern
ridge, facing the Persians. The centre of the battlefield, i.e. the mid-point between the two
armies, was about 2 miles south-east of the present Ain-ul-Muhari and 6 miles south of
the present Shinafiya.
Andarzaghar was surprised at the strength of the Muslim army. Only about 10,000 he
guessed. From what he had heard, Andarzaghar had expected Khalid's army to be much
larger. And where was the dreaded Muslim cavalry? Most of these men were on foot!
Perhaps the Persian survivors of Kazima and the River had exaggerated the enemy's
strength, as defeated soldiers are wont to do. Or perhaps the cavalry was fighting
dismounted. Andarzaghar did not know that the Muslims who faced him were also
surprised at their numbers, for they did not seem to be as many as they had been the day
before. But the matter did not worry them. The Sword of Allah knew best!
The situation put Andarzaghar in high spirits. He would make mincemeat of this small
force and clear the land of Iraq of these insolent desert-dwellers. He would at first await
the Muslim attack. He would hold the attack and wear down the Muslims; then he would
launch a counter-attack and crush the enemy.
When Khalid's army advanced for a general attack, Andarzaghar was overjoyed. This was
just what he wanted. The two armies met with a clash of steel, and the men lost all count
of time as they struggled mightily in combat.
For some time the battle raged with unabated fury. The agile, skilful Muslims struck at
the heavily armed Persians, but the Persians stood their ground, repulsing all attacks.
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After an hour or so both sides began to feel tired-the Muslims more so because they were
fewer in number and each of them faced several Persians in combat. The Persians had
reserves which they employed to replace their men in the front line. However, the
example of Khalid kept Muslim spirits undaunted. He was fighting in the front rank.
In particular, during this first phase of the battle, the Muslims gained further confidence
from the thrilling spectacle of Khalid's duel with a Persian champion of gigantic
proportions known as Hazar Mard, who was said to have been the equal of a thousand
warriors.
1
This giant of a man stepped forward and extended a general challenge which
was accepted by Khalid. After a few minutes of duelling, Khalid found an opening and
felled the man with his sword. When the Persian's body lay quite still, Khalid sat down
on his great chest and called out to his slave to bring him his food. Then, seated on this
grisly bench, Khalid ate a hearty lunch!
2
The first phase was over. The second phase of the battle began with the counter-attack of
the Persians. The experienced eye of Andarzaghar could see clear signs of fatigue on the
faces of the Muslims. He judged that this was the right moment for his counter-stroke;
and in this he was right. At this command the Persians surged forward and struck at the
Muslims. The Muslims were able to hold them for some time, but the Herculean efforts
that they were called upon to make placed an almost unbearable strain on their nerves and
limbs. Slowly they fell back, though in good order. The Persians launched furious
charges, and the Muslims looked to Khalid for any sign of a change in plan or anything to
relieve the tension. But from Khalid they got no such sign. He was fighting like a lion
and urged his men to do likewise. And his men did likewise.
1.
In Persian,
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