part of Iraq. Two generations after him the throne passed to Amr bin Adi, of the tribe of
Lakhm, who started the Lakhmid Dynasty which was also at times called the House of
Munzir. The kings of this dynasty ruled for many generations as vassals of the Persian
Emperor.
The last of the House of Munzir was Numan bin Mundhir, who committed an act of
disloyalty against Chosroes Parwez for which he was sentenced to death. The sentence
was carried out in style-he was trampled to death by an elephant! This led to a revolt by
the Arabs of Iraq, which was soon crushed by the Emperor, and with this abortive revolt
ended the House of Munzir.
Chosroes then appointed a new king, Iyas bin Qubaisa of the tribe of Tayy, to rule over
Iraq. For some years the new king enjoyed a reasonable degree of autonomy. Then most
of his authority was taken away and Persian generals and administrators took over the
entire government of the land. Iyas remained a titular king.
A land of culture, wealth and abundance, Iraq was the most prized possession of the
Persian Empire. To the Arabs from the barren wastes of Arabia it was a green jewel, a
land flowing with milk and honey. Its two mighty rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris,
were the greatest known rivers of the time-west of the Indus and north of the Nile. But
these rivers did not then flow as they flow now, nor were the cities of Iraq then its cities
of today. Kufa and Basra did not exist (they were founded in 17 Hijri). Baghdad was a
small though much-frequented market town on the west bank of the Tigris. The then
glorious cities of Ctesiphon and Hira are now turned to dust. Ctesiphon was the capital-a
mighty metropolis and the seat of glory of the Persian Empire. Reportedly built by
Ardsheer bin Babak (also, known as Ardsheer Babakan and Artaxerxes, the founder of
the Sasanid Dynasty) it sprawled on both sides of the Tigris and was known to the
Muslims as Madain, literally the Cities, for it consisted of several cities in one.
3
Hira
was the capital of the Arab Lakhmid Dynasty. Situated on the west bank of the
Euphrates, it was a glittering, throbbing city with many citadels.
4
And there was Uballa,
the main port of the Persian Empire which was visited by ships from India and China and
other maritime countries of the East. Uballa was also the capital of the military district of
Dast Meisan.
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