International Criminal Law
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Handyside
case, a publisher was convicted under the UK’s Obscene Publications Act
(OPA) 1959 for distributing a children’s book containing anti-authoritarian passages.
Under Art 10(2) of the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights
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the freedom
of expression may be restricted,
inter alia,
as may be necessary in a democratic society
for the protection of morals. The European Court of Human Rights held that, since
it was impossible to find a uniform European conception of morals, Art 10(2) afforded
national authorities a margin of appreciation, which, in the particular case, was
legitimately aimed at protecting the morals of the young.
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Likewise, the ECJ has
held that, although Member States to the 1957 Treaty Establishing the European
Economic Community
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are free to make their own assessments of the indecent or
obscene character of certain articles, they may not rely on the public morality
provisions in the Treaty to prohibit the import of goods from other Member States
when their own legislation contains no prohibition on the manufacture or marketing
of the same goods on their territory.
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As a transnational offence, individual countries are best suited to define obscenity
and repress its distribution and circulation. In the UK the test of obscenity under s
1(1) of the OPA 1959 has been whether the contested article tends to deprave and
corrupt persons who are likely to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied
in it. It is an offence under s 1(3) of the Act to publish an obscene article—including
distribution, circulation, selling, letting on hire, giving, or lending—whether for gain
or not.
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Although not a strict liability offence, persons found to possess obscene
material for the purpose of publication must prove that they had not examined them
and had no reasonable cause to suspect their nature.
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This statutory defence is
limited to persons who were in possession of such material for a legitimate reason,
or to individuals who were ignorant of and had no reason to believe that they were
in possession of or distributing indecent material, as well as persons that had received
it unsolicited and had got rid of it with reasonable promptness.
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Under US federal law, it is unlawful for anyone to bring into that country any
‘obscene, lewd, lascivious, or filthy book, pamphlet, picture or other matter of
indecent character…recording, [or] electrical transcription of the same nature’.
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The test of obscenity procured by the Supreme Court is whether work taken as a
whole appeals to prurient interest in sex, display of which is patently offensive, not
serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value, based on community standards,
200 213 UNTS 221.
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