Chapter 8: Extradition and Abduction
227
is some suggestion in the judgments that their Lordships accepted that all charges
constituted extradition crimes. This judgment was set aside on the ground that the
committee was not properly constituted. It was thought that the links between Lord
Hoffmann, a member of the appeal committee, and Amnesty International Charity
Ltd, of whom he was a director and chairperson, were such as to give the appearance
of bias.Although there was no suggestion that he was in fact biased, it was considered
that in any case where the impartiality of a judge is in question, the appearance of
the bias is as important as the reality. This was the first time the House of Lords had
set aside one of its own decisions.
8.10.3
Pinochet (No 3)
271
Before the second hearing, leave was granted to the Republic of Chile to intervene
and the ambit of the charges against Pinochet widened. The House of Lords was
now asked to consider the following charges: conspiracy to torture committed
between 1 January 1972 and 20 September 1973 and between 1 August 1973 and 1
January 1990; conspiracy to take hostages between 1 August 1973 and 1 January
1990; conspiracy to torture in furtherance of which murder was committed in various
countries including Italy, France, Spain and Portugal, between 1 January 1972 and 1
January 1990; torture between 1August 1973 and 8 August 1973 and on 11 September
1973; conspiracy to murder in Spain between 1 January and 31 December 1976 and
in Italy on 6 October 1975; attempted murder in Italy on 6 October 1975; torture on
various occasions between 11 September 1973 and May 1977; and torture on 24 June
1989. The addition of charges relating to conduct occurring before Pinochet assumed
power required the House of Lords to turn their attention to the double criminality
rule.
272
Arguably, the issue of double criminality is in any event preliminary to
questions relating to immunity
ratione personae
. Unless the charges specified in the
warrants constitute extradition crimes, their Lordships would not be required to
consider claims of immunity.
In considering whether it was necessary for the fugitive’s conduct to constitute an
offence in the UK at the date of the request for extradition, or the actual date the conduct
occurred, Lord Browne-Wilkinson examined Sched 1 to the EA 1870, a precursor to
the current legislation which adopted the ‘list’ approach to extradition crimes, and
observed that the preamble required the list to be interpreted at the date of the alleged
crime. In construing the EA 1989, which repealed the 1870 Act and introduced an
extradition scheme based on conduct, he noted references to the conduct date. Whilst
acknowledging that there was an anomaly with respect to the relevant date when
criminality is assessed, Lord Browne-Wilkinson considered that for the purposes of
the double criminality rule, the relevant date was the ‘conduct date’ and not the ‘request
date’. He considered that ‘it would be extraordinary if the sameAct required criminality
under English law to be shown at one date for one form of extradition and at another
date for another’.
273
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