function in the process of communication. Compare:
The functional method
proceeds from the presumption of the functional conditionality of the linguistic
form
8
.
Given the ambiguity of the term "function", the problem of determining the
range of tasks of the functional approach becomes obvious. In this regard, B.Yu.
Norman proposes to distinguish between functionalism as a feature of the
language itself and as a linguistic principle. As a feature of language, this is “an
immanent, system-forming property of a means of communication, which
consists in the ability of many units to interact in such a way as to ensure
harmonious relations between the individual and society”
9
.
As a linguistic
principle, functionalism is inseparable from the structural understanding of
language as a system in which its elements are not conceived outside of its
structure, and as a result, the functional approach is only a “conditional
reflection, an attempt to model the real relations between the elements of a
“working” language system”
10
.
Similar thoughts can also be traced by the researcher A.E. Levitsky.
Compare: “Language is a system that is inherently
functional and therefore
cannot be described in terms of its structure alone. The study of the functioning
of the language makes it possible to better understand its internal structure as a
system. In this case, the function acts as a system-forming factor. Accordingly,
8
Kibrik, A. E. Problems of syntactic relations in universal grammar / A. E. Kibrik // New in foreign linguistics. - M.:
Progress. - No. 11. - 1982. - S. 5-36.
9
Norman, B. Yu. Functionalism in language, linguistics and linguodidactics / B. Yu. Norman // Slavica
Helsingiensia. With love to the word / Festschrift in Honor of Professor Arto Mustajoki on the Occasion of his 60th
Birthday. -2008. - No. 35. -C. 262-276.
10
Norman, B. Yu. Functionalism in language, linguistics and linguodidactics / B. Yu. Norman // Slavica
Helsingiensia. With love to the word / Festschrift in Honor of Professor Arto Mustajoki on the Occasion of his 60th
Birthday. -2008. - No. 35. -C. 262-276.
functioning can be understood as
a manifestation of the essence, a way of
existence of the language.
11
.
Based on these points of view, the functional approach has become a
mechanism for reflecting the language as an existing and functioning language
system, and its structural elements, as well as ways to describe the structure of
the language through its purpose. In this sense, there
is an appeal to the basic
functions of the language - communicative and cognitive as a means of
communication between people and a tool of cognition.
When applied to the grammatical structure of the language, the functional
approach was embodied in the theory of creating semantic syntax (D.G.
Bogushevich and others), in developing the concept of a functional-semantic
field and its structure (A.V. Bondarko and others), in describing functional
syntax (G. A. Zolotova and others).
Recent achievements in the field of modern linguistics actively take into
account the pragmatic factors of communication:
how the conditions of
communication affect the meaning and function of speech units, how they
change in accordance with the requirements and needs of communication, how
the choice of structural components of syntactic structures is carried out.
The range of studies of the functional method includes those language
forms, the use of which is determined by the frequency of use. In everyday
communication, speakers actively use ready-made language forms, based on the
principle of economy (A. Martinet), according to which the language changes in
accordance with the needs of communication and
the desire of a person to
minimize efforts in the production of a speech act.
11
Levitsky, A. E. Functional approach in modern linguistics / A. E. Levitsky // Studia Linguistica. - 2010.-No. 4.-S.
31-38
In modern linguistics, the functional approach is the most in demand in
practical application and is inextricably linked, as already mentioned, with the
structural approach.
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