English for chemists

Lesson 33
ГРАММАТИКА: Эмфатические уступительные предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
Gradually, chcmists began synthesizing some things found in nature and later those not found in the natural state.
Ex. 2. State what parts of speech the following words belong to:
nature, natural, unnatural, naturally, naturalist, naturalistic, naturalism, naturalize, naturalization

Ex. 3. Define the meanings of (he word follow in the following scntcnccs:

1. You must cxactly follow the instruction. 2. Some of the results obtained at 25°C arc as follows. 3. Since the ratio is constant, it follows that the molccular weight of iodine is the same in liquid as in solid benzene.

4. 
   It is ncccssary to have a definition of science, I suggest the following.
   
5. 
   This principle will be followed throughout the book. 6. Caesium and rubidium arc of importance bccausc cacsium,followed by rubidium, is the most easily ionized clement. 7. Itfollows from the above that no substancc can be absolutely pure. 8. I’ll go first and youfollow me. 9. Can youfollow my explanation? 10. The lecture will be followed by a film. 11. Following the seminar we’ll be allowed to make our experiments.
   

Ex. 4. Analyse the following sentcnccs:

1. 
   Though it may seem strange now, analytical chcmistry began to experience a renaissance between WWI and WWII.
   
2. 
   Strange as it may seem now, analytical chcmistry began to experience a renaissance between WWI and WWII.
   
3. 
   However strange it may seem, analytical chemistry began to experience a renaissance between WWI and WWII.
   

Text 33 A

Classical Methods of Analysis
Strange as it may seem now, the analyst and the “works chcmist” of the 18tli and 19th ccnturics depended almost entirely on what arc frequently defined today as the classical methods of analysis, namely, gravimetric analysis and volumetric analysis. Gravimetric analysis is based on methods of determining the weights of the respective constituents of a product, whereas volumetric analysis is based on volumes rather than weights, the volumes being determined by a process known as titration — that is, determination of the strength of acid and basic solutions.
Difficult as the situation of the so-callcd “works chcmist” during the industrial revolution was, it was not the sole reason for the dcclinc of the glamour and prestige of the analyst in the early days of the scicncc of chcmistry.
Following the logical sequence of events, it is not at all strange that chcmist, having taken natural substanccs apart in order to determine their constituent elements, would then begin gradually to think about synthesizing in a test-tube, at least some of the useful things found in nature. The next logical step, of coursc, was to begin to think about producing tilings not found in the natural state. Thus, wc had an evolution of research, principally in organic chcmistry, directed towards synthesizing old or new compounds, chicfly the latter.
About halfway between World War I and World War II, the analytical chcmist gradually began to cxpcricncc a renaissance in his status with

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other members of the profession and with management. Quality became a very important factor in ever-increasing competitive markets. With this welcome change there came a demand for more rapid and more accurate methods of analysis. This demand led to a tremendous amount of research related to the broad field of analysis. New scientific concepts were introduced, many of them based on what might be callcd physical chcmistry.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
canteen, department, event, excuse, frequently, gradually, lecture, a lot of, lots of, manage, market, profession, quality, respective, scientific, seminar, sequence, synthesize, test-tube, thank, tremendous, tube
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
depend on the classical methods, be defined as, gravimetric analysis, volumetric analysis, respective constituents, determine the volumes, the strength of acid and basic solutions, a difficult situation, the sole reason, in the early days of chcmistry, following the sequence of events, experience a renaissance, competitive markets, introduce a conccpt
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
казаться странным, почти полностью, определить все, тогда как, а не, затруднительное положение, совсем не странно, природные вещества, чтобы определить, постепенно, синтезировать в пробир­ ке, по крайней мерс, следующий шаг, таким образом, главным об­ разом, химик-аналитик, потребность в новых методах анализа, ог­ ромное количество исследований, основываться на, быть направ­ ленным на, часто
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.

1. In ...	volumetric analysis... volumes were determined by ... proccss
known a s ...	titration. 2....			situation o f ... so-called “works chcmist” was
rather difficult. 3. ...		evolution o f...				research led to synthesizing old or
new compounds, chiefly...			latter. 4		quality became... very important
factor. 5. There came		... demand for more rapid and more accurate methods
of... analysis.

Ex. 8. Give synonyms for the following:

at present, wholly, single, start, mainly, fast, wide, idea, producc, often
Ex. 9. Give antonyms for the following:
frequently, easy, late, together, at once, useless, revolution, old, the latter, decrease
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. 
   Whenever an element is oxidized, some elements must be reduced.
   

2. 
   Wherever sulphide ores of the metals such as lead, copper, zinc may
   

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be found, there, too, wc arc likely to find sulphur compounds of arsenic. 3. Strange as it may seem, considering its vital importance and the fact that it is around us everywhere, conscious acquaintance with oxygen dates back to only a little over two ccnturcs ago. 4. The energy involved in any reaction is usually callcd the heat of reaction, even though it may be electrical in nature. 5. The critical temperature is the highest temperature at which a vapour can be condensed to liquid by any pressure, however great it may be. 6. Whenever a person working in the laboratory mixes two or more substanccs and obtains a new product, he wants to know what has happened and what substanccs have been produced. 7. However that may be, the agreement between the two methods is satisfactory. 8. Important though it is, wc shall not consider this ease now. 9. Crude though it is, this value is most frequently employed. 10. Relatively little is known about the conditions of equilibrium which exist in the solid solution, whoever may say the opposite. 11. Whatever these observations may appear, such solutions obey Ohm’s law, just as metallic conductors do. 12. Simple though it actually is, this method has the advantage of being simple and flexible and of involving usually only moderately complicated considerations. 13. This technique remains unreliable, although it has recently been improved. 14. Whatever you may say, this circumstancc no doubt prevented earlier observers from accepting the conccpt. 15. Convenient as this method is, it has a drawback which involves a certain risk. 16. However that may be, wc may raise the temperature and find a continuous scries of equilibrium states.

17. 
    Whenever a beam of white light is passed through a prism, it spreads it out into a spectrum containing all the colours from red to violet.
    
18. 
    Improbable though this case may appear at first glance, let us consider it in detail.
    

Ex. 11. Translate the scntcnccs into English without using a dictionary.

1. Как это ни странно, многие методы анализа используются и сейчас. 2. Такими классическими методами анализа являются гра­ виметрический анализ и объемный анализ. 3. Химики сначала разде­ ляли природные вещества, чтобы определить составляющие их эле­ менты. 4. Постепенно они начали думать о том, чтобы синтезировать некоторые полезные вещества в пробирке. 5. Затем они подошли к следующей ступени — синтезировать совершенно новые вещества. 6. Рост требований к качеству привел к дальнейшему совершенство­ ванию методов анализа.
Ex. 12. Answer the following questions:
1. What methods of analytical chcmistry arc callcd the classical methods of analysis? 2. What is gravimetric analysis based on? 3. What

is volumetric analysis? 4. How did chcmists comc to the idea of synthesizing a substancc? 5. What stimulated the evolution of methods of analysis?

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Scction II
Упр. 1. Назовите значения следующих интернациональных слов:
modem, instrumental, calorimetry, spcctromctry, effect, spcctrography, diffraction, radiometric, polarography, modification, instrument, jnicroanalysis, macroanalysis, perspective, scalc, fortune
Упр. 2. Проверьте, помните ли вы значения следующих слов; если ист, обратитесь к словарю:
by no means, supersede, supplement, supplant, wet, fluorimetry, continuous, size, sample, trace, team, wheel
Text 33 В
Modern Methods of Analysis
Прочтите следующий текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты).
The so-called classical gravimetric and volumetric methods have by no means been superseded by physical chcmistry and physical methods. Unlikely as such a statement may seem, instrumental analysis, as it is known today, supplements rather than supplants the so-callcd classical wet methods. Such terms as calorimetry, spectrophotometry, Raman effcct, fluorimetry', spcctrography, X-ray diffraction, radiomctric methods, polarography, ctc., arc in common usage and every part of the analytical work now performed is through the use of instrumentation. Indeed,
. modifications of many of these instruments arc now being moved out into actual manufacturing operations in order to provide continuous analysis.
One of the more modem developments in the field of analysis is that of microanalysis, employed where the size of the samples is considerably smaller than used in the type of analysis sometimes defined as macroanalysis. Today quite a number of analysts arc dircctly conccmcd with what is frequently defined as trace analysis. The determination of very low concentrations is often of great importance in maintaining high quality of a product. A wide variety of new techniques have been developed to meet this need. Another field currently receiving greater attention is the matter of scientific sampling. Certainly, no method of analysis, accuratc as it may be, will give a proper perspective if the sample employed is not reasonably representative of the whole.
Today the research analyst in the chcmical proccss industries is an honoured member of the “team”. The use of this term has bccomc widespread to describe the modem “team approach” to the discovery, development, and full-scale production of new products. Thus, the wheel of fortune for the analyst has made a complete circlc.

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Упр. 3. Передайте основное содержание текста в нескольких пред­ ложениях.
Упр. 4. Какие слова в тексте означают «быть непосредственно свя­ занным с...»?
Упр. 5. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   What is the position of instrumental analysis in analytical chcmistry?
   

2. 
   What is the purpose of modifying instruments? 3. What is the diffcrcncc between macroanalysis, microanalysis and trace analysis? 4. What requirements should the sample meet to allow the analyst to obtain proper results? 5. What is the position of the research analyst in industry or organization at present?
   

Упр. б. Закончите следующие предложения:

1. Gravimetric and volumctric methods... 2. The use of instru­
mentation.. . 3. A wide variety of new tcchniqucs have been developed...

4. A sample employed must be... 5. Now the research analyst in the

chcmical process industries...