English for chemists

EMPHATIC CONSTRUCTIONS
Lesson 32
ГРАММАТИКА: Эмфатические конструкции. Усилительное do. Эмфати­
ческие конструкции типа It is... that...
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
It was largely analytical chemistry that existed in the 18th and most of the 19th century.
Ex. 2. State what parts of speech the following words belong to:
analyse, analysis, analytic, analytical, analytically, analyser, analyst, analyte
Ex. 3. Define the meanings of the word place in the following sentences.
1. All the chemicals in the laboratory should be kept in their right places. 2. Please, placc the burner on the asbestos support. 3. It would be out of placc here to discuss these factors in detail. 4. If I were in your place, 1 would consult the laboratory assistant. 5. May I do it in place of you? 6. Lavoisier placcd great emphasis on quantitative measurements in his experimental work. 7. Oxidation may take placc in a proccss where no oxygen is involved.
Ex. 4. Analyse the following sentences.

1. 
   The terms “oxide” and “oxidation” were derived from the name of the element “oxygen”.
   
2. 
   It was from the name of the element oxygen that the terms “oxide" and “oxidation” were derived.
   

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Text 32 A
Analytical Chemistry — the Oldest Field of Chemistry
Analytical chcmistry is probably the oldest field in the broad spectrum of the scicncc of chcmistry. Many years were required to dispel the lure of alchcmy; more were needed to demonstrate the fallacy of the phlogiston theory. However, it was not until the brilliant Frcnch chcmist Lavoisier (1743-1794) demonstrated, about 1785, by actual experimental methods that combustion was a combination of a substancc with oxygen, that he laid the basic groundwork of modem chcmistry, and, in a very particular sense, analytical chcmistry. Indeed, he can with considerable justification be callcd the “father” of analytical chcmistry bccausc of the great emphasis he placcd in all experimental work on quantitative measurement. It is in this very ncccssary characteristic of the true analytical chcmist that he differed from Priestley (1733-1804), a discovcrer of oxygen. Priestley, a clergyman forced to flee from Birmingham, England, to America bccausc of his unorthodox political and religious views, was more of a philosopher than a scientist.
The first problem to engage the interest of most chcmists was to determine as cxactly as possible the composition of the earth. Greater emphasis was perhaps placcd on chcmistry than physics at this stage in the evolution of the natural sciences — yet, the contributions of such scientists as Avogadro, Boyle, and Charles all had a dircct bearing and, therefore, great usefulness in analysis. Avogadro’s law, for example, is extremely important in the chcmistry of gases, bccausc it docs serve as a basis for relating weight to volume. Indeed, it is not an overstatement to say that during the 18th and most of the 19th ccntury the chcmistry that did exist was largely analytical chemistry. The pinnacle of ambition of most chcmists at that time was to be a highly successful analyst. Any study of chcmical literature of this period shows a preponderance of titles related to analytical chcmistry.
It was in the latter half of the 19th ccntury that the so-callcd “industrial revolution’’ took placc. Many beginnings (modest at first) were made in the industrial manufacture of numerous items consumed in the household which were traditionally produced in the home or not at all. The raw materials in such manufacturing operations consisted chiefly of chemicals.
The pressing and dyeing of textiles, the production of glass, leather, soap — these arc merely four examples (many others could be quoted) of operations that moved slowly out of the home and into the factory. Slowly, but surely, this trend built up a demand for modest changcs for a limited number of chemicals. Except for the natural dyes and tanning extracts, most of the industrial chcmicals produced in this area were inorganic in nature, principally alkalies, mineral acids, ctc.

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Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
area, analytical, as... as (possible), broad, chief, chiefly, consume, demand, etc., exactly, be forced, former, highly, house, indeed, justification, laner, the former... the latter, literature, by/in nature, not at all, operation, perhaps, press, quote, raw, in a sense, in the sense of, stage, succcssful, successfully, title, traditional, traditionally, usefulness, view, yet
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
the phlogiston theory, demonstrate the fallacy of a theory, in a very particular sense, indeed, with justification, placc emphasis on, bccausc of one's views, be more of a scientist than, in the evolution of the natural scicnccs, the so-called “industrial revolution", raw materials, the production of glass, quote an example, slowly but surely, modest changes, be inorganic in nature
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
аналитическая химия, требовать, блестящий химик, современная химия, называть отцом химии, экспериментальная работа, истинный химик, отличаться от, быть вынужденным, как можно точнее, состав вещества, на этой стадии, вклад ученых, быть чрезвычайно важным, служить основой, не будет преувеличением сказать, в то время, во второй половине XIX века, быть скромным, промышленное произ­ водство, состоять из, за исключением природных красителей
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.

1. 
   Analytical chemistry is regarded as ... oldest field o f ... chcmistiy.
   

2. 
   Many years were needed to demonstrate... fallacy of... phlogiston theoiy.
   
3. 
   Avogadro’s law is extremely important in ... chemistry o f... gases. 4__ pressing and dyeing of textiles arc ... examples of operations that moved into... factory. 5. Most o f ... natural dyes were inorganic in ... nature.
   

Ex. 8. Give synonyms for the following:

branch, wide, require, show, remarkable, accuratcly, step, however, highly, mainly, occur, production
Ex. 9. Give antonyms for the following:
young, ncccssary, from, more, impossible, usefulness, slowly, succcssful a considerable number
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. It is the analytical chcmistiy that is regarded as the oldest field of chcmistry. 2. It is М. V. Lomonosov who is the founder of Russian physics

and chcmistry. 3. It was my supervisor who advised me to use this apparatus. 4. It was Mendeleyev’s periodic law which served as a key to discovering

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new elements. 5. It was not my tcachcr whom I addressed my question to. 6. It was in 1869 that Mendeleyev’s periodic system was published. 7. It is horizontal rows of the periodic tabic which arc callcd periods. 8. Ozone docs remove harmful ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. 9. It is not this examination that is the most difficult this term. 10. It was not till late in the 19th ccntury that numerous household items began to be produced at factories.
11. These results do support the kinctic treatment ofthe behaviour ofparticlcs in colloidal solutions. 12. It is only at ordinary temperature that the agreement between the two methods is satisfactory. 13. It was not until the results concerning solid solutions had been obtained that a general conclusion was reached. 14. The reaction docs procccd slowly in most eases. IS. It was evident that the resulting mixture did obey the mixture law. 16. The use of deductivc methods shows that all these cases comc from one and the same root. 17. It is not until a substancc undergoes distribution that it has the same molecular weight in the two phases. 18. It is not until two picccs of zinc and copper are brought into contact that they bccomc clcctrificd. 19. In the actual case the density of the vapour docs alter with the height. 20. It was not until oxygen was discovered that many processes could be understood.
Ex. 11.Translate the scntcnccs into English without using a dictionary.
1. Считается, что аналитическая химия— старейшая отрасль хи­ мии. 2. Потребовалось много лет, чтобы показать, что теория фло­ гистона неверна. 3. Развитие экспериментальных методов внесло большой вклад в исследование состава веществ. 4. Развитие промыш­ ленности сыграло большую роль в разработке новых методов анали­ тической химии. 5. Многие операции, производившиеся ранее дома, стали производиться в промышленных масштабах.
Ex. 12. Answer the following questions:
I. Whose investigations helped to prove the fallacy of the phlogiston theory? 2. Why is Lavoisier callcd the “father” of analytical chcmistry?

3. 
   Why is analytical chcmistry regarded as the oldest branch of chcmistry?
   
4. 
   What problems engaged the interest of most chcmists at that time?
   
5. 
   Why did the development of industry stimulate the development of
   

analytical chcmistry?