Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering


r . = (x, y, z) of the elementary volume and the velocity of motion v



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

r
.
=
(x, y, z)
of the elementary volume and the velocity of motion
v
.
=
(v
x
, v
y
, v
z
)
of the
elementary bodies or particles in it.
For describing the system in non-equilibrium, it is necessary to introduce the con-
cept of
thermodynamic current densities
[6],
j
x
. They are related to the extensive variables
X
and are defined for those elementary bodies with velocity
v
at the point
r
as follows:
j
x
(
r
,
v
)
=
x(
r
,
v
)
v
(
4
.
4
)
where
x
=
X/U
is the contribution to the extensive variable
X
, per unit of volume
U
at
the point
r
of the elementary bodies with velocity
v
.
Equation (4.2) can be applied to the thermodynamic current densities allowing us
to write
j
ω
=
j
e

T (
r
,
v
)
j
s

µ(
r
,
v
)
j
n
= −
P (
r
,
v
)
v
(
4
.
5
)
For the thermodynamic current densities, we can write the following continuity
equations [7]:
g
.
=
∂n
∂t
+ ∇ ·
j
n
(4.6)
υ
.
=
∂e
∂t
+ ∇ ·
j
e
(4.7)
σ
.
=
∂s
∂t
+ ∇ ·
j
s
(4.8)
2
x
,
y
and
z
are the spatial co-ordinates giving the position of the particle and
v
x
,
v
y
and
v
z
are the co-ordinates
of its velocity.


116
THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION
where
g
,
υ
and
σ
are formally defined as the number of particles, energy and entropy
generation rates per unity of volume. The symbol “
∇·
” is the divergence operator.
3
4.2.2 The Two Laws of Thermodynamics
Equations (4.7) and (4.8) have close links with the laws of thermodynamics. A certain
elementary subsystem or body can draw energy from or release energy to another body
close to it, but the first law of thermodynamics states that the sum of the energies generated
at all the
i
elementary bodies at a given position
r
must be zero, that is,
i
υ(
r
,
v
i
)
=
0
(
4
.
9
)
In the same way, the entropy generated by an elementary body can possibly be neg-
ative, but the second law of thermodynamics, as stated by Prigogine [7], determines
that the sum of all the entropy generated by all the bodies,
σ
irr
, must be non-negative
everywhere.
i
σ (

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