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LESSON 14 
THE AIM OF THE LESSON:    a) TO CONCENTRATE SS‘  ATTENTION ON 
PRESENTED  TOPIC.  
b)TO EXPLAIN READING AND USING grammar. 
THE PLAN OF THE LESSON:  
1.Topic ―Khiva‖. 
2.WORK ON THE MATERIALS OF ―SCALE UP‖ 
 
1.1 Read, translate and retell the main meaning of the topic: “
KHIVA
” 
 
Ichan Kala, the fully preserved medieval citadel, the only of its kind in 
Central Asia, is on the UNESCO world heritage list and has been carefully restored 
to its ancient splendour. During the golden age of the Great Silk Road a major stop 
for caravans and the trade centre the city is today a living museum. The 
architectural monuments give an excellent overview over the wide range of styles 
and techniques used in this area of the world. The Khorezm architects and builders 
enjoyed a reputation as being among the most skilled in Central Asia, just as today 
masters of the Special Scientific Restoration workshop in Khiva are called upon to 


 
 
87 
 
provide their special know-how for the restoration of ancient sites all over 
Uzbekistan. Khorezm traders were respected as brilliant merchants and patrons of 
science and the arts. Although numerous times in the course of its history exposed 
to destruction, epidemics, drought and famine, the citizens helped their town to 
ever recurring renaissances, with architectural beauty, scientific development and 
literary achievements foremost on their mind.
 
 
Foundation history 
According to legend, the city was constructed in the desert, at a site where nomads struck upon a 
well with extraordinarily tasty water. Exclaiming ―kheywak‖ the name stuck. The big well can 
still be seen today in the northern-western part of Ichan Kala. Under Shah Abdul Abbos Mamun 
in the 10th and 11th century, at the Academy of Mamun, gathered the greatest scientists and 
thinkers of their time, such as Avicenna, Beruni and many more philosophers, mathematicians 
and astronomers. Subsequently the area developed rapidly, and the region saw citadel cities a 
plenty, of which only Khiva remains, having become the capital of the independent Khanat and 
for a short period, the spiritual centre of the Islamic world. However, the Kizilkum desert in 
Khorezm and bordering Karakalpakistan hold many fascinating archaeological ruins which can 
be visited with specialised guides.
 
The population of the city, comprising both Ichan Kala and the outer city Dichan Kala is47000 
people.
 
The Ichan Kala fortification was built upon earlier settlements. The clay walls of the 18th 
century are ten metres high. Defence towers are placed every thirty meters along the walls and 
water moats provided additional protection.
 
Kuhna Ark (Old fortress. 17-19th centuries) 


 
 
88 
 
The Ichan Kala citadel consisting of numerous courtyards among which Kurinish 
Khana (1804-1806) and Zarbkhana (1806-1825) are today most famous. Kuhna 
Ark is an architectural museum displaying folk art master‘s genius 
Comprehension Questions 

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